Asztalos M, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Cardon G. The relationship between physical activity and mental health varies across activity intensity levels and dimensions of mental health among women and men. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13(8):1207–14.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boehm JK, Soo J, Zevon ES, Chen Y, Kim ES, Kubzansky LD. Longitudinal associations between psychological well-being and the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Health Psychol. 2018;37(10):959–67.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
El Ansari W, Adetunji H, Oskrochi R. Food and mental health: relationship between food and perceived stress and depressive symptoms among university students in the United Kingdom. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2014;22(2):90–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
McDowell CP, Dishman RK, Gordon BR, Herring MP. Physical activity and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Prev Med. 2019;57(4):545–56.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Quirk SE, Williams LJ, O’Neil A, Pasco JA, Jacka FN, Housden S, et al. The association between diet quality, dietary patterns and depression in adults: a systematic review. BMC Psychiat. 2013;13:175.
Article
Google Scholar
Zhang Z, Chen W. A systematic review of the relationship between physical activity and happiness. J Happiness Stud. 2019;20:9475.
Google Scholar
Bosdriesz JR, Witvliet MI, Visscher TLS, Kunst AE. The influence of the macro-environment on physical activity: a multilevel analysis of 38 countries worldwide. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012;9:110.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Caspi CE, Sorensen G, Subramanian SV, Kawachi I. The local food environment and diet: a systematic review. Health Place. 2012;18(5):1172–87.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Maddison R, Vander Hoorn S, Jiang Y, Ni Mhurchu C, Exeter D, Dorey E, et al. The environment and physical activity: the influence of psychosocial, perceived and built environmental factors. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2009;6:19.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Vogel C, Ntani G, Inskip H, Barker M, Cummins S, Cooper C, et al. Education and the relationship between supermarket environment and diet. Am J Prev Med. 2016;51(2):e27–34.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Department of Health, physical activity, health improvement and prevention. At least five a week: evidence on the impact of physical activity and its relationship to health. A report from the chief medical Officer. 2004.
Google Scholar
England S. Review of evidence of the outcomes for sport and physical activity: a rapid evidence review. London. 2017.
World Health Organization. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 916. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
Google Scholar
Ammar A, Brach M, Trabelsi K, Chtourou H, Boukhris O, Masmoudi L, et al. Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: results of the ECLB-COVID19 international online survey. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1583.
Article
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Maugeri G, Castrogiovanni P, Battaglia G, Pippi R, D’Agata V, Palma A, et al. The impact of physical activity on psychological health during COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Heliyon. 2020;6(6):e04315.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tison GH, Avram R, Kuhar P, Abreau S, Marcus GM, Pletcher MJ, et al. Worldwide effect of COVID-19 on physical activity: a descriptive study. Ann Intern Med. 2020; Letters.
Pellegrini M, Ponzo V, Rosato R, Scumaci E, Goitre I, Benso A, et al. Changes in weight and nutritional habits in adults with obesity during the “lockdown” period caused by the COVID-19 virus emergency. Nutrients. 2020;12(7):2016.
Article
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Batlle-Bayer L, Aldaco R, Bala A, Puig R, Laso J, Margallo M, et al. Environmental and nutritional impacts of dietary changes in Spain during the COVID-19 lockdown. Sci Total Environ. 2020;748:141410.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pierce M, Hope H, Ford T, Hatch S, Hotoph M, John A, et al. Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal probability sample survey of the UK population. Lancet Psychiat. 2020;7(10):883–92.
Article
Google Scholar
Pieh C, Budimir S, Probst T. The effect of age, gender, income, work, and physical activity on mental health during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown in Austria. J Psychosom Res. 2020;139:110278.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1729.
Article
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fancourt D, Bu F, Mak HW, Steptoe A. Covid-19 social study: results release 11 (3rd June 2020). London: Nuffield Foundation; 2020. https://b6bdcb03-332c-4ff9-8b9d-28f9c957493a.filesusr.com/ugd/3d9db5_6028d0aa0e004e5dae6536e7fc2ef280.pdf
Google Scholar
Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(8):1381–95.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Department of Health and Social Care. Physical activity guidelines: UK chief medical officers’ report. London: Department of Health and Social Care; 2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/physical-activity-guidelines-uk-chief-medical-officers-report
Google Scholar
Haase A, Steptoe A, Sallis JF, Wardle J. Leisure-time physical activity in university students from 23 countries: associations with health beliefs, risk awareness, and national economic development. Prev Med. 2004;39(1):182–90.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gardner B, Abraham C, Lally P, de Bruijn G-J. Towards parsimony in habit measurement: testing the convergent and predictive validity of an automaticity subscale of the self-report habit index. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012;9:102.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kroenke K, Strine TW, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Berry JT, Mokdad AH. The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. J Affect Disord. 2009;114:163–73.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ng Fat L, Scholes S, Boniface S, Mindell J, Stewart-Brown S. Evaluating and establishing national norms for mental wellbeing using the short Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (SWEMWBS): findings from the Health Survey for England. Qual Life Res. 2017;26(5):1129–44.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Park N, 2021, Population estimates for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2020. Office for National Statistics.
Google Scholar
Clark D, 2021. Population of the United Kingdom in 2020, by region. Statista, June 2021.
Coates S. Population estimates by ethnic group and religion. England and Wales: Office for National Statistics; 2021. p. 2019.
Google Scholar
Caso D, Guidetti M, Capasso M, Cavazza N. Finally, the chance to eat healthily: longitudinal study about food consumption during and after the first COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. Food Qual Prefer. 2022;95:104275.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pinho MGM, Mackenbach JD, Charreire H, Oppert JM, Bardos H, Glonti K, et al. Exploring the relationship between perceived barriers to healthy eating and dietary behaviours in European adults. Eur J Nutr. 2018;57:1761–70.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Women in Sport. Lockdown research: implications for women’s participation. London: Women in Sport; 2020. https://www.womeninsport.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Lockdown-Research-Implications-for-Womens-Participation.pdf
Google Scholar
Brand R, Timme S, Nosrat S. When pandemic hits: exercise frequency and subjective Well-being during COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol. 2020;11:570567.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hamilton M, Coates S. Coronavirus and anxiety, Great Britain: 3 April 2020 to 10 may 2020. Newport: Office for National Statistics; 2020. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/articles/coronavirusandanxietygreatbritain/3april2020to10may2020
Google Scholar
Jia R, Ayling K, Chalder T, Massey A, Broadbent E, Coupland C, et al. Mental health in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional analyses from a community cohort study. BMJ Open. 2020;10:e040620.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kocalevent R-D, Hinz A, Brähler E. Standardization of the depression screener patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) in the general population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013;35:551–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Löwe B, Decker O, Müller S, Brähler E, Schellberg D, Herzog W, et al. Validation and standardization of the generalized anxiety disorder screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Med Care. 2008;46(3):266–74.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Silva LR, Seguro CS, de Oliveira CG, Santos PO, de Oliveira JC, de Souza Filho LF, et al. Physical inactivity is associated with increased levels of anxiety, depression, and stress in Brazilians during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2020;11:565291.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gupta A, Puyat JH, Ranote H, Vila-Rodriguez F, Kazanjian A. A cross-sectional survey of activities to support mental wellness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports. 2021;(5):100167.
Jiang D, Chen J, Liu Y, Lin J, Liu K, Chen H, et al. Patterns of mental health problems before and after easing COVID-19 restrictions: evidence from a 105248-subject survey in general population in China. PLoS One. 2021;16(8):e0255251.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Merchant AT, Dehghan M, Akhtar-Danesh N. Seasonal variation in leisure-time physical activity among Canadians. Can J Public Health. 2007;98:203–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ma Y, Olendzki BC, Li W, Hafner AR, Chiriboga D, Hebert JR, et al. Seasonal variation in food intake, physical activity, and body weight in a predominantly overweight population. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60:519–28.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
van der Toorn JE, Cepeda M, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Franco OH, Voortman T, Schoufour JD. Seasonal variation of diet quality in a large middle-aged and elderly Dutch population-based cohort. Eur J Nutr. 2020;59:493–504.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Harmatz MG, Well AD, Overtree CE, Kawamura KY, Rosal M, Ockene IS. Seasonal variation of depression and other moods: a longitudinal approach. J Biol Rhythm. 2000;15(4):344–50.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lee PH, Macfarlane DJ, Lam TH, Stewart SM. Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF): a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:115.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rosa RR, Bonnet MH, Kramer M. The relationship of sleep and anxiety in anxious subjects. Biol Psychol. 1983;16:119–26.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kalmbach DA, Anderson JR, Drake CL. The impact of stress on sleep: pathogenic sleep reactivity as a vulnerability to insomnia and circadian disorders. J Sleep Res. 2018;27:e12710.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Norbury R, Evans S. Time to think: subjective sleep quality, trait anxiety and university start time. Psychiatry Res. 2019;271:214–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kredlow MA, Capozzoli MC, Hearon BA, Calkins AW, Otto MW. The effects of physical activity on sleep: a meta-analytic review. J Behav Med. 2015 Jun;38(3):427–49.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gov.uk. Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK: vaccinations in United Kingdom. London: Gov.uk; 2021. https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/details/vaccinations
Google Scholar