Ford G, et al. Patterns of class inequality in health through the lifespan: class gradients at 15, 35 and 55 years in the west of Scotland. Soc Sci Med. 1994;39(8):1037–50.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goodman E. The role of socioeconomic status gradients in explaining differences in US adolescents' health. Am J Public Health. 1999;89(10):1522–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Elgar FJ, et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent health 2002–2010: a time-series analysis of 34 countries participating in the health behaviour in school-aged children study. Lancet. 2015;385(9982):2088–95.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Andersen A, et al. Tracking drinking behaviour from age 15–19 years. Addiction. 2003;98(11):1505–11.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Patton GC, et al. Trajectories of adolescent alcohol and cannabis use into young adulthood. Addiction. 2007;102(4):607–15.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Riggs NR, et al. Adolescent to emerging adulthood smoking trajectories: when do smoking trajectories diverge, and do they predict early adulthood nicotine dependence? Nicotine Tob Res. 2007;9(11):1147–54.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control Prevention. Cigarette smoking-attributable morbidity---United States, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52(35):842.
Google Scholar
Hingson RW, Zha W, Weitzman ER. Magnitude of and trends in alcohol-related mortality and morbidity among US college students ages 18-24, 1998-2005, J Stud Alcohol Drugs Suppl. 2009(16):12–20.
Patton GC, et al. Health of the world's adolescents: a synthesis of internationally comparable data. Lancet. 2012;379(9826):1665–75.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Quinn GP, et al. Adolescent sexual activity and cancer risk: physicians’ duty to inform? Curr Med Res Opin. 2014;30(9):1827–31.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Commission on Social Determinants of Health, Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health: final report of the commission on social determinants of health. 2008.
Google Scholar
Rajmil L, et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in mental health and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children and adolescents from 11 European countries. Int J Public Health. 2014;59(1):95–105.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Graham H, Kelly MP. Health inequalities: concepts, frameworks and policy. London: Health Development Agency; 2004.
Kepper A, et al. Substance use by adolescents in special education and residential youth care institutions. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20(6):311.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Department of Education, Alternative Provision. Statutory guidance for local authorities. UK: Department of Education (DoE); 2013.https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/268940/alternative_provision_statutory_guidance_pdf_version.pdf.
Daniels H, Britain G. Study of young people permanently excluded from school. Norwich: Her Majesty's Stationary Office; 2003. http://www.school-appeals.co.uk/docs/RR405.pdf.
Hayden C, Dunne S. Outside Looking In: Children's and Familie's Experiences of Exclusion from School. London: The Children's Society; 2001.
Google Scholar
Paglin C, Fager J. Alternative Schools: Approaches for Students at Risk. Portland, OR: northwest regional educational laboratory; 1997.
Google Scholar
The Scottish Government, Summary Statistics for Schools in Scotland No. 8: 2017 Edition. 2017: Edinburgh.
Jackson C, Haw S, Frank J. Adolescent and Young Adult Health in Scotland Interventions that address multiple risk behaviours or take a generic approach to risk in youth. Edinburgh: Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy; 2010.
Google Scholar
Wiefferink CH, Peters L, Hoekstra F, et al. Clustering of health-related behaviours and their determinants: possible consequences for school health interventions. Prev Sci. 2006;7:127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-005-0021-2.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lintonen T, et al. The effect of societal changes on drunkenness trends in early adolescence. Health Educ Res. 2000;15(3):261–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Elgar FJ, et al. Income inequality and alcohol use: a multilevel analysis of drinking and drunkenness in adolescents in 34 countries. Eur J Public Health. 2005;15(3):245–50.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jackson CA, et al. An overview of prevention of multiple risk behaviour in adolescence and young adulthood. J Public Health. 2012;34(suppl 1):i31–40.
Article
Google Scholar
Henderson M, et al. Heterosexual risk behaviour among young teenagers in Scotland. J Adolesc. 2002;25:483–94.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wight, D. and M. Henderson, The diversity of young people's heterosexual behaviour, in Young people and sexual health: individual, social and policy, E. Burtney and M. Duffy, Editors. 2004, Palgrave Macmillan: Basingstoke. p. 15–33.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Raffaele Mendez LM. Predictors of suspension and negative school outcomes: a longitudinal investigation. New Dir Youth Dev. 2003;2003(99):17–33.
Article
Google Scholar
Hemphill SA. Characteristics of conduct disordered children and their families: a review. Aust Psychol. 1996;31(2):109–18.
Article
Google Scholar
Madkour AS, et al. Early adolescent sexual initiation as a problem behavior: a comparative study of five nations. J Adolesc Health. 2010;47(4):389–98.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Connell CM, Gilreath TD, Hansen NB. A multiprocess latent class analysis of the co-occurrence of substance use and sexual risk behavior among adolescents. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2009;70(6):943–51.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ritchwood TD, et al. Risky sexual behavior and substance use among adolescents: a meta-analysis. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2015;52:74–88.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Salas-Wright CP, et al. Substance use and teen pregnancy in the United States: evidence from the NSDUH 2002–2012. Addict Behav. 2015;45:218–25.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Grunbaum JA, et al. Youth risk behavior surveillance national alternative high school youth risk behavior survey, United States, 1998. J Sch Health. 2000;70(1):5–17.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grunbaum JA, Lowry R, Kann L. Prevalence of health-related behaviors among alternative high school students as compared with students attending regular high schools. J Adolesc Health. 2001;29(5):337–43.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Weller NF, et al. Health risk behaviors of Texas students attending dropout prevention/recovery schools in 1997. J Sch Health. 1999;69(1):22–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Denny SJ, Clark T, Watson PD. Comparison of health-risk behaviours among students in alternative high schools from New Zealand and the USA. J Paediatr Child Health. 2003;39(1):33–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fleschler MA, et al. Lifetime inhalant use among alternative high school students in Texas: prevalence and characteristics of users. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2002;28(3):477–95.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ruth S. Buzi, Susan R. Tortolero, Robert E. Roberts, Michael W. Ross, Robert C. Addy, Christine M. Markham. The impact of a history of sexual abuse on high-risk sexual behaviors among females attending alternative schools. Adolescence. 2003;38(152):595–605.
Buzi RS, et al. Gender differences in the consequences of a coercive sexual experience among adolescents attending alternative schools. J Sch Health. 2003;73(5):191–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Markham CM, et al. Family connectedness and sexual risk-taking among urban youth attending alternative high schools. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2003;35(4):174–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shrier LA, Crosby R. Correlates of sexual experience among a nationally representative sample of alternative high school students. J Sch Health. 2003;73(5):197–200.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Johnson KE, McMorris BJ, Kubik MY. Comparison of health-risk behaviors among students attending alternative and traditional high schools in Minnesota. J Sch Nurs. 2013;29(5):343–52.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Denny S, Clark T, Watson P. The health of alternative education students compared to secondary school students: a New Zealand study; 2004.
Google Scholar
Lee A, et al. A YRBS survey of youth risk behaviors at alternative high schools and mainstream high schools in Hong Kong. J Sch Health. 2001;71(9):443–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Becker S. Badder than “just a bunch of SPEDs”: alternative schooling and student resistance to special education rhetoric. J Contemp Ethnogr. 2010;39(1):60–86.
Article
Google Scholar
Brown TM. Lost and turned out academic, social, and emotional experiences of students excluded from school. Urban Educ. 2007;42(5):432–55.
Article
Google Scholar
Carpenter-Aeby T, Aeby V. Rewriting family stories during successful transition from an alternative school: one Student's story of “violent female” to “phenomenal woman”. J Hum Behav Soc Environ. 2009;19(3):281–97.
Article
Google Scholar
Kim J-H, Taylor KA. Rethinking alternative education to break the cycle of educational inequality and inequity. J Educ Res. 2008;101(4):207–19.
Article
Google Scholar
Loutzenheiser LW. Being seen and heard: listening to young women in alternative schools. Anthropol Educ Q. 2002;33(4):441–64.
Article
Google Scholar
Johnson KE, Taliaferro LA. Health behaviors and mental health of students attending alternative high schools: a review of the research literature. J Spec Pediatr Nurs. 2012;17(2):79–97.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Farris-Berg K, Schroeder J. Alternative-education programs: the" quiet Giant" in Minnesota public education; 2003.
Google Scholar
Lehr, C.A., et al., Alternative Schools. Findings From a National Survey of the States. Research Report 2. Minneapolis: Institute on Community Integration (NJ1); 2004.
Lehr CA, Tan CS, Ysseldyke J. Alternative schools: a synthesis of state-level policy and research. Remedial Spec Educ. 2009;30(1):19–32.
Article
Google Scholar
Pirrie A. Where next for pupils excluded from Special Schools and Pupil Referral Units? London: Department for Children, Schools and Families; 2009.
Google Scholar
Sameroff AJ. Dialectical processes in developmental psychopathology. In: Sameroff AJ, Lewis M, Miller SM. (eds) Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology. Boston: Springer; 2000.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Woodward L, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Risk factors and life processes associated with teenage pregnancy: results of a prospective study from birth to 20 years. J Marriage Fam. 2001;63(4):1170–84.
Article
Google Scholar
Melotti R, et al. Adolescent alcohol and tobacco use and early socioeconomic position: the ALSPAC birth cohort. Pediatrics. 2011;127(4):e948–55.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Social Exclusion Unit. A better education for children in care. London: Social Inclusion Unit; 2003.
Google Scholar
Laird RD, et al. Peer rejection in childhood, involvement with antisocial peers in early adolescence, and the development of externalizing behavior problems. Dev Psychopathol. 2001;13(2):337–54.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Grunbaum JA, et al. Cultural, social, and intrapersonal factors associated with substance use among alternative high school students. Addict Behav. 2000;25(1):145–51.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rohrbach LA, et al. Tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use among high-risk young people: a five-year longitudinal study from adolescence to emerging adulthood. J Drug Issues. 2005;35(2):333–56.
Article
Google Scholar
Valente TW, et al. Peer acceleration: effects of a social network tailored substance abuse prevention program among high-risk adolescents. Addiction. 2007;102(11):1804–15.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Glanz KE, Rimer BK, Lewis FM. Health Behavior and Health Education. In: Theory, Research and Practice. 3rd ed. San Francisco (CA): Jossey-Bass; 2002.
Google Scholar
Dahlgren G, Whitehead M. European strategies for tackling social inequities in health: levelling up part 2. Copenhagen: World Health Organization; 2006.
Google Scholar
Lang DL, et al. Applying ecological perspectives to adolescent sexual health in the United States: rhetoric or reality? Health Educ Res. 2009;25(4):552–62.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Elliott L, et al. Has untargeted sexual health promotion for young people reached its limit? A quasi-experimental study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67(5):398–404.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Healthy Respect Phase Two Programme Evaluation Team. External Evaluation Team, The Final Report of Healthy Respect Phase 2. Edinburgh: NHS Health Scotland; 2010.
Google Scholar
Wight D, Dixon H. SHARE: the rationale, principles and content of a research-based teacher-led sex education programme. Educ Health. 2004;22:3–7.
Google Scholar
Henderson M, et al. Impact of a theoretically based sex education programme (SHARE) delivered by teachers on NHS registered conceptions and terminations: final results of cluster randomised trial. BMJ. 2007;334(7585):133.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Henderson M, et al. What explains between-school differences in rates of sexual experience? BMC Public Health. 2008;8(1):53.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Americian Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington DC; 2000.
West P, Sweeting H, Young R. Smoking in Scottish youths: personal income, parental social class and the cost of smoking. Tob Control. 2007;16(5):329–35.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Henderson M, et al. What explains between-school differences in rates of smoking? BMC Public Health. 2008;8:218.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Henderson M, et al. Heterosexual risk behaviour among young teenagers in Scotland. J Adolesc. 2002;25(5):483–94.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wight D, Henderson M. The diversity of young people's heterosexual behaviour. In: Young people and sexual health: individual, social and policy; 2004. p. 15–33.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Wight D, et al. The limits of teacher-delivered sex education: interim behavioural outcomes from a randomised trial. Br Med J. 2002;324:1430–3.
Article
Google Scholar
Peters RJ, et al. The relationship between sexual abuse and drug use: findings from Houston's safer choices 2 program. J Drug Educ. 2003;33(1):49–59.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Johnson RA, Gerstein DR. Initiation of use of alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine, and other substances in US birth cohorts since 1919. Am J Public Health. 1998;88(1):27–33.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Johnson RA, Gerstein DR, Rasinski KA. Recall decay and telescoping in self-reports of alcohol and marijuana use: results from the National Household Survey on drug abuse (NHSDA): Proc Am Assoc Pub Opin Res; 1997.
Liang W, Chikritzhs T. Errors in recall of age at first sex. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e72947.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kann L, et al. Sexual Identity, Sex of Sexual Contacts, and Health-Related Behaviors among Students in Grades 9-12--United States and Selected Sites, 2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries. 2016;65(9).
Department of Education, Ensuring a good education for children who cannot attend school because of health needs. Statutory guidance for local authorities. UK: DoE Report; 2013. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/741314/Keeping_Children_Safe_in_Education__3_September_2018_14.09.18.pdf.
Bond L, et al. The gatehouse project: can a multilevel school intervention affect emotional wellbeing and health risk behaviours? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58(12):997–1003.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Patton GC, et al. Promoting social inclusion in schools: a group-randomized trial of effects on student health risk behavior and well-being. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(9):1582–7.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Flay BR, et al. Effects of 2 prevention programs on high-risk behaviors among African American youth: a randomized trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158(4):377–84.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hawkins JD, et al. Promoting positive adult functioning through social development intervention in childhood: long-term effects from the Seattle social development project. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(1):25–31.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Patton G, et al. Changing schools, changing health? Design and implementation of the gatehouse project. J Adolesc Health. 2003;33(4):231–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Catalano RF, et al. Positive youth development in the United States: research findings on evaluations of positive youth development programs. ANNALS Am Acad Pol Soc Sci. 2004;591(1):98–124.
Article
Google Scholar
Gavin LE, et al. A Review of Positive Youth Development Programs That Promote Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health. J Adolesc Health. 2010;46(3, Supplement):S75–91.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Arai L. Low expectations, sexual attitudes and knowledge: explaining teenage pregnancy and fertility in English communities. Insights from qualitative research. Sociol Rev. 2003;51(2):199–217.
Article
Google Scholar
DfES. Teenage Pregnancy: Accelerating the Strategy to 2010. London: HMSO; 2006.
Google Scholar
Duncan S. What's the problem with teenage parents? And what's the problem with policy? Crit Soc Policy. 2007;27(3):307–34.
Article
Google Scholar
Berthoud R, et al. Teenage Pregnancy Research Programme Research Briefing: Long-term Consequences of Teenage births for Parents and their Children. Colchester: Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex; 2004.
Google Scholar
Olds D, et al. Long-term effects of nurse home visitation on children's criminal and antisocial behavior: 15-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 1998;280(14):1238–44.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lonczak HS, et al. Effects of the Seattle social development project on sexual behavior, pregnancy, birth, and sexually transmitted disease outcomes by age 21 years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156(5):438–47.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar