WHO, UNICEF: Trends in maternal mortality: 1990–2015: estimates from WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division. 2015.
Lohela TJ, Nesbitt RC, Pekkanen J, Gabrysch S. Comparing socioeconomic inequalities between early neonatal mortality and facility delivery: cross-sectional data from 72 low- and middle-income countries. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9786. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45148-5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Darmstadt GL. Global perinatal health: accelerating progress through innovations, interactions, and interconnections. Semin Perinatol. 2010;34(6):367–70. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2010.09.003.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
WHO. WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience: World Health Organization; 2016.
WHO. Compilation of WHO recommendations on maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health. In. Geneva; 2013.
WHO. WHO recommendations on postnatal care of the mother and newborn. In. Geneva; 2014.
Stenberg K, Sweeny K, Axelson H, Temmerman M, Sheehan P. Returns on investment in the continuum of care for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health. In., edn.; 2016.
Carvajal-Aguirre L, Amouzou A, Mehra V, Ziqi M, Zaka N, Newby H. Gap between contact and content in maternal and newborn care: an analysis of data from 20 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. J Glob Health. 2017;7(2):020501. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.07.020501.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Marsh AD, Muzigaba M, Diaz T, Requejo J, Jackson D, Chou D, et al. Effective coverage measurement in maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health and nutrition: progress, future prospects, and implications for quality health systems. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(5):e730–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30104-2.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Amouzou A, Leslie HH, Ram M, Fox M, Jiwani SS, Requejo J, et al. Advances in the measurement of coverage for RMNCH and nutrition: from contact to effective coverage. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4(Suppl 4):e001297. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001297.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
McCollum R, Taegtmeyer M, Otiso L, Mireku M, Muturi N, Martineau T, et al. Healthcare equity analysis: applying the Tanahashi model of health service coverage to community health systems following devolution in Kenya. Int J Equity Health. 2019;18(1):65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-019-0967-5.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Alkenbrack S, Chaitkin M, Zeng W, Couture T, Sharma S. Did equity of reproductive and maternal health service coverage increase during the MDG era? An analysis of trends and determinants across 74 low- and middle-income countries. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0134905. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134905.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Malqvist M, Pun A, Raaijmakers H, Kc A. Persistent inequity in maternal health care utilization in Nepal despite impressive overall gains. Glob Health Action. 2017;10(1):1356083. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2017.1356083.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lokot M, Avakyan Y. Intersectionality as a lens to the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for sexual and reproductive health in development and humanitarian contexts. Sex Reprod Health Matters. 2020;28(1):1764748. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2020.1764748.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Crenshaw K. Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stan L Rev. 1990;43:1241–99.
Article
Google Scholar
Winker G, Degele N. Intersectionality as multi-level analysis: dealing with social inequality. Eur J Women's Stud. 2011;18(1):51–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506810386084.
Article
Google Scholar
Bowleg L. When black+ lesbian+ woman≠ black lesbian woman: the methodological challenges of qualitative and quantitative intersectionality research. Sex Roles. 2008;59(5–6):312–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9400-z.
Article
Google Scholar
Bhatta DN, Aryal UR. Paternal factors and inequity associated with access to maternal health care service utilization in Nepal: a community based cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0130380. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130380.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wabiri N, Chersich M, Zuma K, Blaauw D, Goudge J, Dwane N. Equity in maternal health in South Africa: analysis of health service access and health status in a national household survey. PLoS One. 2013;8(9):e73864. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073864.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
O'Neill J, Tabish H, Welch V, Petticrew M, Pottie K, Clarke M, et al. Applying an equity lens to interventions: using PROGRESS ensures consideration of socially stratifying factors to illuminate inequities in health. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014;67(1):56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.08.005.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bauer GR. Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: challenges and the potential to advance health equity. Soc Sci Med. 2014;110:10–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.022.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Collins PH. Intersectionality's definitional dilemmas. Annu Rev Sociol. 2015;41(1):1–20. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142.
Article
Google Scholar
Gkiouleka A, Huijts T, Beckfield J, Bambra C. Understanding the micro and macro politics of health: inequalities, intersectionality & institutions - a research agenda. Soc Sci Med. 2018;200:92–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.01.025.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Marmot M, Bell R. Fair society, healthy lives. Public Health. 2012;126:S4–S10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2012.05.014.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Thapa J, Budhathoki SS, Gurung R, Paudel P, Jha B, Ghimire A, et al. Equity and coverage in the continuum of reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health services in Nepal-projecting the estimates on death averted using the LiST tool. Matern Child Health J. 2020;24(Suppl 1):22–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-019-02828-y.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mehata S, Paudel YR, Dariang M, Aryal KK, Lal BK, Khanal MN, et al. Trends and inequalities in use of maternal health care services in Nepal: strategy in the search for improvements. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:5079234.
Article
Google Scholar
MOHP [Nepal]. Nepal demographic and health survey 2016. In Kathmandu; 2017.
MOHP [Nepal]. Nepal demographic and health survey 2006. In. Kathmandu; 2007.
MOHP [Nepal]. Nepal demographic and health survey 2001. In. Kathmandu; 2002.
Ensor T, Bhatt H, Tiwari S. Incentivizing universal safe delivery in Nepal: 10 years of experience. Health Policy Plan. 2017;32(8):1185–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czx070.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Khatri RB, Karkee R. Social determinants of health affecting utilisation of routine maternity services in Nepal: a narrative review of the evidence. Reprod Health Matters. 2018;26(54):32–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/09688080.2018.1535686.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
MOHP [Nepal]. Nepal demographic and health survey 2011. In. Kathmandu; 2012.
WHO. Health equity assessment toolkit In.; 2020.
Karkee R, Lee AH, Khanal V. Need factors for utilisation of institutional delivery services in Nepal: an analysis from Nepal demographic and health survey, 2011. BMJ Open. 2014;4(3):e004372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004372.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
ICF International. Demographic and health survey sampling and household listing manual. In. MEASURE DHS,: ICF International Maryland, USA; 2012.
Marmot M. Just societies, health equity, and dignified lives: the PAHO equity commission. Lancet. 2018;392(10161):2247–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32349-3.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
WHO. A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. In. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
Khanal V, Adhikari M, Karkee R, Gavidia T. Factors associated with the utilisation of postnatal care services among the mothers of Nepal: analysis of Nepal demographic and health survey 2011. BMC Womens Health. 2014;14(1):19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-14-19.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Adewuyi EO, Auta A, Khanal V, Bamidele OD, Akuoko CP, Adefemi K, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with underutilization of antenatal care services in Nigeria: a comparative study of rural and urban residences based on the 2013 Nigeria demographic and health survey. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0197324. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197324.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Khatri RB, Poudel S, Ghimire PR. Factors associated with unsafe abortion practices in Nepal: pooled analysis of the 2011 and 2016 Nepal demographic and health surveys. PLoS One. 2019;14(10):e0223385. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223385.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ghimire U, Manandhar J. Inequalities in health outcomes and access to services by caste/ethnicity, province, and wealth quintile in Nepal: Ministry of Health and Population; 2019.
Adhikari TB, Rijal A, Kallestrup P, Neupane D. Alcohol consumption pattern in western Nepal: findings from the COBIN baseline survey. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1):283. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2264-7.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Devasenapathy N, Neogi SB, Soundararajan S, Ahmad D, Hazra A, Ahmad J, et al. Association of antenatal care and place of delivery with newborn care practices: evidence from a cross-sectional survey in rural Uttar Pradesh, India. J Health Popul Nutr. 2017;36(1):30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-017-0107-z.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Akinwande MO, Dikko HG, Samson A. Variance inflation factor: as a condition for the inclusion of suppressor variable(s) in regression analysis. Open J Stat. 2015;05(07):754–67. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojs.2015.57075.
Article
Google Scholar
Kc A, Gurung R, Kinney MV, Sunny AK, Moinuddin M, Basnet O, et al. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic response on intrapartum care, stillbirth, and neonatal mortality outcomes in Nepal: a prospective observational study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(10):e1273–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30345-4.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ghimire U. The effect of maternal health service utilization in early initiation of breastfeeding among Nepalese mothers. Int Breastfeed J. 2019;14(1):33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-019-0228-7.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Heinze G, Wallisch C, Dunkler D. Variable selection - a review and recommendations for the practicing statistician. Biom J. 2018;60(3):431–49. https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.201700067.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bursac Z, Gauss CH, Williams DK, Hosmer DW. Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression. Source Code Biol Med. 2008;3(1):17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0473-3-17.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lemes IR, Sui X, Fernandes RA, Blair SN, Turi-Lynch BC, Codogno JS, et al. Association of sedentary behavior and metabolic syndrome. Public Health. 2019;167:96–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2018.11.007.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Huda TM, Hayes A, Dibley MJ. Examining horizontal inequity and social determinants of inequality in facility delivery services in three south Asian countries. J Glob Health. 2018;8(1):010416. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.08.010416.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Paudel M, Javanparast S, Dasvarma G, Newman L. A critical account of the policy context shaping perinatal survival in Nepal: policy tension of socio-cultural versus a medical approach. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):166. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-3979-3.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Watt G. The inverse care law revisited: a continuing blot on the record of the National Health Service. Br J Gen Pract. 2018;68(677):562–3. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp18X699893.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Assefa Y, Hill PS, Van Damme W, Dean J, Gilks CF. Leaving no one behind: lessons from implementation of policies for universal HIV treatment to universal health coverage. Glob Health. 2020;16(1):17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00549-4.
Article
Google Scholar
Dey A, Hay K, Afroz B, Chandurkar D, Singh K, Dehingia N, et al. Understanding intersections of social determinants of maternal healthcare utilization in Uttar Pradesh, India. PLoS One. 2018;13(10):e0204810. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204810.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Harnois CE. Jeopardy, consciousness, and multiple discrimination: intersecting inequalities in contemporary Western Europe. In: Sociological Forum: 2015: Wiley Online Library; 2015: 971–994.
Zhou Y, Guo Y, Liu Y, Wu W, Li Y. Targeted poverty alleviation and land policy innovation: some practice and policy implications from China. Land Use Policy. 2018;74:53–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.04.037.
Article
Google Scholar
Mumtaz Z, Salway S, Bhatti A, Shanner L, Zaman S, Laing L, Ellison GT. Improving maternal health in Pakistan: toward a deeper understanding of the social determinants of poor women's access to maternal health services. Am J Public Health 2014, 104 Suppl 1(S1):S17–S24.
Sharma S, van Teijlingen E, Hundley V, Angell C, Simkhada P. Dirty and 40 days in the wilderness: eliciting childbirth and postnatal cultural practices and beliefs in Nepal. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16(1):147. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0938-4.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chalise B, Chalise M, Bista B, Pandey AR, Thapa S. Correlates of continuum of maternal health services among Nepalese women: evidence from Nepal multiple Indicator cluster survey. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):e0215613. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215613.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
MOHP [Nepal]. Annual health report. In.; 2018.