Determinants | Frequency | 4ANC visits (N = 1978) | Institutional delivery (N = 1978) | PNC visit (N = 1978) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | Yes (%) | p | Yes (%) | p | Yes (%) | p |
Structural | |||||||
 Wealth rank | |||||||
  Poor (40%) | 832 | 64.9 | < 0.001 | 48.7 | < 0.001 | 39.6 | < 0.001 |
  Rich (60%) | 1146 | 75.2 |  | 75.4 |  | 58.4 |  |
 Ethnicity | |||||||
  Disadvantaged | 1374 | 65.7 | < 0.001 | 59.6 | < 0.001 | 44.8 | < 0.001 |
  Advantaged | 604 | 82.4 |  | 74.7 |  | 63.6 |  |
 Education | |||||||
  Illiterate | 570 | 53.5 | < 0.001 | 47.3 | < 0.001 | 36.3 | < 0.001 |
  Literate | 1408 | 77.9 |  | 71.0 |  | 56.3 |  |
Intermediary | |||||||
 Language | |||||||
  Nepali | 839 | 80.2 | < 0.001 | 70.2 |  | 57.7 | < 0.001 |
  Maithili | 360 | 67.6 |  | 56.5 |  | 40.7 |  |
  Bhojpuri | 267 | 45.6 |  | 53.0 |  | 33.9 |  |
  Others (e.g., Newari or Tharu) | 512 | 70.9 |  | 65.7 |  | 54.3 |  |
 Provinces | |||||||
  One | 338 | 78.8 | < 0.001 | 65.9 | < 0.001 | 54.5 | < 0.001 |
  Two | 513 | 58.0 |  | 54.7 |  | 38.3 |  |
  Three | 312 | 75.8 |  | 72.4 |  | 62.8 |  |
  Four | 164 | 75.3 |  | 73.5 |  | 63.8 |  |
  Five | 364 | 74.7 |  | 65.6 |  | 51.4 |  |
  Six | 121 | 54.6 |  | 43.7 |  | 36.4 |  |
  Seven | 166 | 84.0 |  | 77.4 |  | 52.1 |  |
 Residence | |||||||
  Urban | 1062 | 75.5 | 0.003 | 73.6 | < 0.001 | 57.5 | < 0.001 |
  Rural | 916 | 65.4 |  | 53.3 |  | 42.4 |  |
 Region | |||||||
  Mountain | 131 | 71.7 | 0.015 | 45.0 | 0.007 | 45.6 | < 0.001 |
  Hill | 760 | 76.2 |  | 67.7 |  | 57.1 |  |
  Terai | 1087 | 67.0 |  | 64.1 |  | 46.5 |  |
  National level | 1978 | 71.0 |  | 64.0 |  | 51.5 |  |