Domino EF. Taming the ketamine tiger. Anesthesiol. 2010;113(3):678–84.
Google Scholar
Morgan CJA, Curran HV. Ketamine use: a review. Addiction. 2012;107(1):27–38.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World Drug Report 2010. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC); 2010.
Book
Google Scholar
Li J-H, Vicknasingam B, Cheung Y-W, Zhou W, Nurhidayat AW, Des Jarlais DC, Schottenfeld R. To use or not to use: an update on licit and illicit ketamine use. Subst Abus Rehabil. 2011;2:11–20.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Duman RS. Ketamine and rapid-acting antidepressants: a new era in the battle against depression and suicide. F1000Res. 2018;7:F1000 Faculty Rev-1659.
Bokor G, Anderson PD. Ketamine: an update on its abuse. J Pharm Pract. 2014;27(6):582–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Krystal JH, Karper LP, Seibyl JP, Freeman GK, Delaney R, Bremner JD, Heninger GR, Bowers MB Jr, Charney DS. Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(3):199–214.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Adler CM, Goldberg TE, Malhotra AK, Pickar D, Breier A. Effects of ketamine on thought disorder, working memory, and semantic memory in healthy volunteers. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;43(11):811–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kleinloog D, Uit den Boogaard A, Dahan A, Mooren R, Klaassen E, Stevens J, Freijer J, van Gerven J. Optimizing the glutamatergic challenge model for psychosis, using S(+)-ketamine to induce psychomimetic symptoms in healthy volunteers. J Psychopharmacol. 2015;29(4):401–13.
Tang J, Morgan HL, Liao Y, Corlett PR, Wang D, Li H, Tang Y, Chen J, Liu T, Hao W, et al. Chronic administration of ketamine mimics the perturbed sense of body ownership associated with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol. 2015;232(9):1515–26.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Cheng WJ, Chen CH, Chen CK, Huang MC, Pietrzak RH, Krystal JH, Xu K. Similar psychotic and cognitive profile between ketamine dependence with persistent psychosis and schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2018;199:313–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Morgan CJA, Curran HV. Acute and chronic effects of ketamine upon human memory: a review. Psychopharmacol. 2006;188(4):408–24.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Chen Y-C, Wang L-J, Lin S-K, Chen C-K. Neurocognitive profiles of methamphetamine users: comparison of those with or without concomitant ketamine use. Subst Use Misuse. 2015;50(14):1778–85.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hung C-C, Zhang S, Chen C-M, Duann J-R, Lin C-P, Lee TS-H, Li C-SR. Striatal functional connectivity in chronic ketamine users: a pilot study. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2019;2:1–13.
Article
Google Scholar
Li CR, Zhang S, Hung CC, Chen CM, Duann JR, Lin CP, Lee TS. Depression in chronic ketamine users: sex differences and neural bases. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2017;269:1–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Winstock AR, Mitcheson L, Gillatt DA, Cottrell AM. The prevalence and natural history of urinary symptoms among recreational ketamine users. BJU Int. 2012;110(11):1762–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schifano F, Corkery J, Oyefeso A, Tonia T, Ghodse AH. Trapped in the “K-hole”: overview of deaths associated with ketamine misuse in the UK (1993-2006). J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28(1):114–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dillon P, Copeland J, Jansen K. Patterns of use and harms associated with non-medical ketamine use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003;69(1):23–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vidal Gine C, Fernandez Calderon F, Lopez Guerrero J. Patterns of use, harm reduction strategies, and their relation to risk behavior and harm in recreational ketamine users. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2016;42(3):358–69.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fernandez-Calderon F, Vidal-Gine C, Lopez-Guerrero J, Lozano-Rojas OM. Reliability, convergent and structural validity and cut-off score of the severity of dependence scale for recreational ketamine users. Addict Behav. 2016;60:1–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Siu AMH, Ko FSL, Mak SK. Outcome evaluation of a short-term hospitalization and community support program for people who abuse ketamine. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:313.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chou P, Liou M-Y, Lai M-Y, Hsiao M-L, Chang H-J. Time trend of substance use among adolescents in Taiwan, 1991-1996. J Formos Med Assoc. 1999;98:827–31.
Chen WJ, Fu T-C, Ting T-T, Huang W-L, Tang G-M, Hsiao CK, Chen C-Y. Use of ecstasy and other psychoactive substances among school-attending adolescents in Taiwan: national surveys 2004-2006. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:27.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chou L-C, Ho C-Y, Chen C-Y, Chen WJ. Truancy and illicit drug use among adolescents surveyed via street outreach. Addict Behav. 2006;31(1):149–54.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ting T-T, Chen C-Y, Tsai Y-S, Chen Y-T, Su L-W, Chen WJ. Using social network as a recruiting tool for research on substance use in the Taipei metropolitan area: study design, implementation, and epidemiological estimates. J Epidemiol. 2015;25(10):647–55.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chen WJ, Wu S-C, Tsay W-I, Chen Y-T, Hsiao P-C, Yu Y-H, Ting T-T, Chen C-Y, Tu Y-K, Huang J-H, et al. Differences in prevalence, sociobehavioral correlates, and psychosocial distress between club drug and hard drug use in Taiwan: results from the 2014 National Survey of substance use. Int J Drug Policy. 2017;48:99–107.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stacy AW, Galaif ER, Sussman S, Dent CW. Self-generated drug outcomes in high-risk adolescents. Psychol Addict Behav. 1996;10(1):18–27.
Article
Google Scholar
Jones BT, Corbin W, Fromme K. A review of expectancy theory and alcohol consumption. Addiction. 2001;96(1):57–72.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zamboanga BL, Ham LS, Olthuis JV, Martens MP, Grossbard JR, Van Tyne K. Alcohol expectancies and risky drinking behaviors among high school athletes: “I’d rather keep my head in the game”. Prev Sci. 2012;13(2):140–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jester JM, Wong MM, Cranford JA, Buu A, Fitzgerald HE, Zucker RA. Alcohol expectancies in childhood: change with the onset of drinking and ability to predict adolescent drunkenness and binge drinking. Addiction. 2015;110(1):71–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leigh BC, Stacy AW. Alcohol expectancies and drinking in different age groups. Addiction. 2004;99(2):215–27.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Finn PR, Bobova L, Wehner E, Fargo S, Rickert ME. Alcohol expectancies, conduct disorder and early-onset alcoholism: negative alcohol expectancies are associated with less drinking in non-impulsive versus impulsive subjects. Addiction. 2005;100(7):953–62.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Patrick ME, Wray-Lake L, Finlay AK, Maggs JL. The long arm of expectancies: adolescent alcohol expectancies predict adult alcohol use. Alcohol Alcohol. 2010;45(1):17–24.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Copeland AL, Proctor SL, Terlecki MA, Kulesza M, Williamson DA. Do positive alcohol expectancies have a critical developmental period in pre-adolescents? J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2014;75(6):945–52.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Smit K, Voogt C, Hiemstra M, Kleinjan M, Otten R, Kuntsche E. Development of alcohol expectancies and early alcohol use in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2018;60:136–46.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen W-T, Wang N, Lin K-C, Liu C-Y, Chen WJ, Chen C-Y. Alcohol expectancy profile in late childhood with alcohol drinking and purchasing behaviors in adolescence. Addict Behav. 2018;87:55–61.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wiers RW, Hoogeveen KJ, Sergeant JA, Boudewijn Gunning W. High- and low-dose alcohol-related expectancies and the differential associations with drinking in male and female adolescents and young adults. Addiction. 1997;92(7):871–88.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ting T-T, Chen WJ, Liu C-Y, Lin Y-C, Chen C-Y. Peer influences on alcohol expectancies in early adolescence: a study of concurrent and prospective predictors in Taiwan. Addict Behav. 2015;40:7–15.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hahn C-Y, Huang S-Y, Ko H-C, Hsieh C-H, Lee IH, Yeh T-L, Yang Y-K, Lee J-F, Lin W-W, Lu R-B. Acetaldehyde involvement in positive and negative alcohol expectancies in Han Chinese persons with alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(7):817–23.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen C-Y, Storr CL, Liu C-Y, Chen K-H, Chen WJ, Lin K-M. Differential relationships of family drinking with alcohol expectancy among urban school children. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:87.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kuntsche E, Kuntsche S. Even in early childhood offspring alcohol expectancies correspond to parental drinking. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;183:51–4.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hayaki J, Anderson BJ, Stein MD. Drug use expectancies among nonabstinent community cocaine users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008;94(1–3):109–15.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Carey KB, Scott-Sheldon LA, Carey MP, DeMartini KS. Individual-level interventions to reduce college student drinking: a meta-analytic review. Addict Behav. 2007;32(11):2469–94.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Darkes J, Goldman MS. Expectancy challenge and drinking reduction: experimental evidence for a mediational process. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1993;61(2):344–53.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schafer J, Brown SA. Marijuana and cocaine effect expectancies and drug use patterns. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1991;59(4):558–65.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stacy AW, Newcomb MD, Bentler PM. Cognitive motivation and drug use: a 9-year longitudinal study. J Abnorm Psychol. 1991;100(4):502–15.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Galen LW, Henderson MJ. Validation of cocaine and marijuana effect expectancies in a treatment setting. Addict Behav. 1999;24(5):719–24.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hayaki J, Hagerty CE, Herman DS, de Dios MA, Anderson BJ, Stein MD. Expectancies and marijuana use frequency and severity among young females. Addict Behav. 2010;35(11):995–1000.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dennhardt AA, Murphy JG. Prevention and treatment of college student drug use: a review of the literature. Addict Behav. 2013;38(10):2607–18.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee K-H, Yeh Y-C, Yang P-C, Lin H-C, Wang P-W, Liu T-L, Yen C-F. Individual and peer factors associated with ketamine use among adolescents in Taiwan. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;21(10):553–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Richter KP, Ahluwalia HK, Mosier MC, Nazir N, Ahluwalia JS. A population-based study of cigarette smoking among illicit drug users in the United States. Addiction. 2002;97(7):861–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Degenhardt L, Hall W. Patterns of co-morbidity between alcohol use and other substance use in the Australian population. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2003;22(1):7–13.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hanna EZ, Grant BF. Parallels to early onset alcohol use in the relationship of early onset smoking with drug use and DSM-IV drug and depressive disorders: findings from the National Longitudinal Epidemiologic Survey. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999;23(3):513–22.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Menezes AMB, Goncalves H, Anselmi L, Hallal PC, Araujo CLP. Smoking in early adolescence: evidence from the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study. J Adolesc Health. 2006;39(5):669–77.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
McCambridge J, Strang J. Age of first use and ongoing patterns of legal and illegal drug use in a sample of young Londoners. Subst Use Misuse. 2005;40(3):313–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
King KM, Chassin L. A prospective study of the effects of age of initiation of alcohol and drug use on young adult substance dependence. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2007;68(2):256–65.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hingson RW, Heeren T, Edwards EM. Age at drinking onset, alcohol dependence, and their relation to drug use and dependence, driving under the influence of drugs, and motor-vehicle crash involvement because of drugs. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2008;69(2):192–201.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maldonado-Molina MM, Lanza ST. A framework to examine gateway relations in drug use: an application of latent transition analysis. J Drug Issues. 2010;40(4):901–24.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kirby T, Barry AE. Alcohol as a gateway drug: a study of US 12th graders. J Sch Health. 2012;82(8):371–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Nkyi AK. Adolescents’ use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana: the gateway to other drugs. Int J Psychol Behav Sci. 2015;5(4):158–68.
Google Scholar
Wang C, Hipp JR, Butts CT, Lakon CM. The interdependence of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use in the context of school-based social networks. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0200904.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev. 1977;84(2):191–215.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leventhal AM, Schmitz JM. The role of drug use outcome expectancies in substance abuse risk: an interactional-transformational model. Addict Behav. 2006;31(11):2038–62.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Willner P. A view through the gateway: expectancies as a possible pathway from alcohol to cannabis. Addiction. 2001;96(5):691–703.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen WJ, Ting T-T, Chang C-M, Liu Y-C, Chen C-Y. Ketamine use among regular tobacco and alcohol users as revealed by respondent-driven sampling in Taipei: prevalence, expectancy, and users’ risky decision making. J Food Drug Anal. 2013;21(4S):S102–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Volz E, Wejnert C, Cameron C, Spiller M, Barash V, Degani I, Heckathorn DD. Respondent-driven sampling analysis tool (RDSAT) version 7.1. In. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University; 2012.
Google Scholar
Wejnert C, Heckathorn D. Respondent-driven sampling: operational procedures, evolution of estimators, and topics for future research. In: Williams M, Vogt WP, editors. The SAGE handbook of innovation in social research methods. London: SAGE Publications, Ltd; 2011. p. 473–97.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Elliott AC, Reisch JS. Implementing a multiple comparison test for proportions in a 2xc crosstabulation in SAS®. Proc SAS User’s Group Int. 2006;31:204–31.
Google Scholar
Engels RCME, ter Bogt T. Outcome expectancies and ecstasy use in visitors of rave parties in the Netherlands. Eur Addict Res. 2004;10(4):156–62.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Christiansen BA, Smith GT, Roehling PV, Goldman MS. Using alcohol expectancies to predict adolescent drinking behavior after one year. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1989;57(1):93–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Smith GT, Goldman MS, Greenbaum PE, Christiansen BA. Expectancy for social facilitation from drinking: the divergent paths of high-expectancy and low-expectancy adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol. 1995;104(1):32–40.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar