GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators: Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 2018, 392(10159):1736–1788.
Article
Google Scholar
Kyu HH, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdela J, Abdelalim A et al: Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 2018, 392(10159):1859–1922.
Article
Google Scholar
Rajsic S, Gothe H, Borba HH, Sroczynski G, Vujicic J, Toell T, Siebert U: Economic burden of stroke: a systematic review on post-stroke care. Eur J Health Econ 2019, 20(1):107–134.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
GBD 2016 Stroke Collaborators: Global, regional, and national burden of stroke, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neuro 2019, 18(5):439–458.
Article
Google Scholar
Zhou M, Wang H, Zeng X, Yin P, Zhu J, Chen W, Li X, Wang L, Wang L, Liu Y et al: Mortality, morbidity, and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet 2019, 394(10204):1145–1158.
Article
Google Scholar
National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases China: REPORT ON CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN CHINA 2018. Beijing: Encyclopedia of China Publishing House; 2019. (in Chinese)
Google Scholar
Wang W, Jiang B, Sun H, Ru X, Sun D, Wang L, Wang L, Jiang Y, Li Y, Wang Y et al: Prevalence, Incidence, and Mortality of Stroke in China. Circulation 2017, 135(8):759–771.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen Z, Iona A, Parish S, Chen Y, Guo Y, Bragg F, Yang L, Bian Z, Holmes MV, Lewington S et al: Adiposity and risk of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke in 0·5 million Chinese men and women: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet Global Health 2018, 6(6):e630-e640.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Shen Y, Shi L, Nauman E, Katzmarzyk PT, Price-Haywood EG, Bazzano AN, Nigam S, Hu G: Association between Body Mass Index and Stroke Risk Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020, 105(1):96–105.
Article
Google Scholar
Li Y, Yatsuya H, Iso H, Yamagishi K, Saito I, Kokubo Y, Sawada N, Tsugane S: Body Mass Index and Risks of Incident Ischemic Stroke Subtypes: The Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective (JPHC) Study. J Epidemiol 2019, 29(9):325–333.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhang X, Shu XO, Gao YT, Yang G, Li H, Zheng W: General and abdominal adiposity and risk of stroke in Chinese women. Stroke 2009, 40(4):1098–1104.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhang X, Zhang M, Zhao Z, Huang Z, Deng Q, Li Y, Pan A, Li C, Chen Z, Zhou M, et al: Geographic Variation in Prevalence of Adult Obesity in China: Results From the 2013-2014 National Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance. Ann Intern Med 2020, 172(4):291–293.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Frankenfield DC, Rowe WA, Cooney RN, Smith JS, Becker D: Limits of body mass index to detect obesity and predict body composition. Nutrition 2001, 17(1):26–30.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Toss F, Wiklund P, Franks PW, Eriksson M, Gustafson Y, Hallmans G, Nordström P, Nordström A: Abdominal and gynoid adiposity and the risk of stroke. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011, 35(11):1427–1432.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Wiklund P, Toss F, Weinehall L, Hallmans G, Franks PW, Nordström A, Nordström P: Abdominal and gynoid fat mass are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008, 93(11):4360–4366.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kershaw EE, Flier JS: Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89(6):2548–2556.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Scherer PE, Williams S, Fogliano M, Baldini G, Lodish HF: A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes. J Biol Chem 1995, 270(45):26746–26749.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Friedman JM: Obesity in the new millennium. Nature 2000, 404(6778):632–634.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mangge H, Almer G, Truschnig-Wilders M, Schmidt A, Gasser R, Fuchs D: Inflammation, adiponectin, obesity and cardiovascular risk. Curr Med Chem 2010, 17(36):4511–4520.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Achari AE, Jain SK: Adiponectin, a Therapeutic Target for Obesity, Diabetes, and Endothelial Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2017;18(6):1321.
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wiltink J, Michal M, Wild PS, Zwiener I, Blettner M, Münzel T, Schulz A, Kirschner Y, Beutel ME: Associations between depression and different measures of obesity (BMI, WC, WHtR, WHR). BMC Psychiatry 2013, 13:223.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rao G, Powell-Wiley TM, Ancheta I, Hairston K, Kirley K, Lear SA, North KE, Palaniappan L, Rosal MC, American Heart Association Obesity Committee of the Council on L et al: Identification of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk in Ethnically and Racially Diverse Populations: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2015, 132(5):457–472.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sahakyan KR, Somers VK, Rodriguez-Escudero JP, Hodge DO, Carter RE, Sochor O, Coutinho T, Jensen MD, Roger VL, Singh P et al: Normal-Weight Central Obesity: Implications for Total and Cardiovascular Mortality. Ann Intern Med 2015, 163(11):827–835.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
He X, Liu C, Chen Y, He J, Dong Y: Overweight Without Central Obesity, Cardiovascular Risk, and All-Cause Mortality. Mayo Clin Proc 2018, 93(6):709–720.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen GC, Arthur R, Iyengar NM, Kamensky V, Xue X, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Allison MA, Shadyab AH, Wild RA, Sun Y et al: Association between regional body fat and cardiovascular disease risk among postmenopausal women with normal body mass index. Eur Heart J 2019, 40(34):2849–2855.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Campello A, Jimenez-Conde J, Ois A, Cuadrado-Godia E, Giralt-Steinhauer E, Vivanco RM, Soriano-Tarraga C, Subirana I, Munoz D, Gomez-Gonzalez A et al: Sex-related differences in abdominal obesity impact on ischemic stroke risk. Eur J Neurol 2017, 24(2):397–403.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Deurenberg P, Deurenberg-Yap M, Guricci S: Asians are different from Caucasians and from each other in their body mass index/body fat per cent relationship. Obes Rev 2002, 3(3):141–146.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhao W, Ning G: Methodology and content of China chronic disease surveillance (2010). Chin J Prev Med 2012, 46(5):477–479. (in Chinese)
Google Scholar
Xu Y, Wang L, He J, Bi Y, Li M, Wang T, Wang L, Jiang Y, Dai M, Lu J et al: Prevalence and control of diabetes in Chinese adults. JAMA 2013, 310(9):948–959.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lu J, Wang L, Li M, Xu Y, Jiang Y, Wang W, Li J, Mi S, Zhang M, Li Y et al: Metabolic Syndrome Among Adults in China: The 2010 China Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017, 102(2):507–515.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Li Y, Wang L, Jiang Y, Zhang M, Wang L. Risk factors for noncommunicable chronic diseases in women in China: surveillance efforts. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;91(9):650–60.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhou B, Coorperative Meta-Analysis Group Of China Obesity Task Force: Predictive values of body mass index and waist circumference to risk factors of related diseases in Chinese adult population. Chin J Epidemiol 2002, 23(1):5–10. (in Chinese)
Google Scholar
Liu S, Wu X, Lopez AD, Wang L, Cai Y, Page A, Yin P, Liu Y, Li Y, Liu J et al: An integrated national mortality surveillance system for death registration and mortality surveillance, China. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2016, 94(1):46–57.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yang G, Hu J, Rao KQ, Ma J, Rao C, Lopez AD: Mortality registration and surveillance in China: History, current situation and challenges. Popul Health Metr 2005, 3(1):3.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Plummer M: Improved estimates of floating absolute risk. Stat Med 2004, 23(1):93–104.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shirasawa T, Ochiai H, Yoshimoto T, Nagahama S, Kobayashi M, Ohtsu I, Sunaga Y, Kokaze A: Associations between normal weight central obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Japanese middle-aged adults: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 2019, 38(1):46.
Article
Google Scholar
Thaikruea L, Thammasarot J: Prevalence of normal weight central obesity among Thai healthcare providers and their association with CVD risk: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2016, 6:37100.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lam BC, Koh GC, Chen C, Wong MT, Fallows SJ: Comparison of Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Adiposity Index (BAI), Waist Circumference (WC), Waist-To-Hip Ratio (WHR) and Waist-To-Height Ratio (WHtR) as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in an adult population in Singapore. PLoS One 2015, 10(4):e0122985.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhang P, Wang R, Gao C, Jiang L, Lv X, Song Y, Li B: Prevalence of Central Obesity among Adults with Normal BMI and Its Association with Metabolic Diseases in Northeast China. PLoS One 2016, 11(7):e0160402.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Du T, Sun X, Yin P, Huo R, Ni C, Yu X: Increasing trends in central obesity among Chinese adults with normal body mass index, 1993-2009. BMC Public Health 2013, 13:327.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nurdiantami Y, Watanabe K, Tanaka E, Pradono J, Anme T: Association of general and central obesity with hypertension. Clin Nutr 2018, 37(4):1259–1263.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liu L, Gao B, Wang J, Yang C, Wu S, Wu Y, Chen S, Li Q, Zhang H, Wang G et al: Joint association of body mass index and central obesity with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in prediabetic population: A prospective cohort study. Obes Res Clin Pract 2019, 13(5):453–461.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ying X, Song Z-y, Zhao C-j, Jiang Y: Body mass index, waist circumference, and cardiometabolic risk factors in young and middle-aged Chinese women. Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B 2010, 11(9):639–646.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Berg AH, Scherer PE. Adipose tissue, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease Circulation Research. Circ Res. 2005;96(9):939–49.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bembenek JP, Karlinski M, Niewada M, Kurkowska-Jastrzębska I, Członkowska A: Measurement of Nutritional Status Using Body Mass Index, Waist-to-Hip Ratio, and Waist Circumference to Predict Treatment Outcome in Females and Males with Acute First-Ever Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018, 27(1):132–139.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jia WP, Lu JX, Xiang KS, Bao YQ, Lu HJ, Chen L: Prediction of abdominal visceral obesity from body mass index, waist circumference and waist-hip ratio in Chinese adults: receiver operating characteristic curves analysis. Biomed Environ Sci 2003, 16(3):206–211.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Swainson MG, Batterham AM, Tsakirides C, Rutherford ZH, Hind K: Prediction of whole-body fat percentage and visceral adipose tissue mass from five anthropometric variables. PLoS One 2017, 12(5):e0177175.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Engstad T, Bonaa KH, Viitanen M: Validity of self-reported stroke: The Tromso Study. Stroke 2000, 31(7):1602–1607.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Easton DF, Peto J, Babiker AG: Floating absolute risk: an alternative to relative risk in survival and case-control analysis avoiding an arbitrary reference group. Stat Med 1991, 10(7):1025–1035.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liancheng Z, Yaguang P, Xiang L, Shuhong L, Yangfeng W: Contrast and efficacy of waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio in predicting central obesity. Chin J Epidemiol 2013, 34(2):120–124. (in Chinese)
Google Scholar
Ashwell M, Gunn P, Gibson S: Waist-to-height ratio is a better screening tool than waist circumference and BMI for adult cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews 2012, 13(3):275–286.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Krakauer NY, Krakauer JC: Expansion of Waist Circumference in Medical Literature: Potential Clinical Application of a Body Shape Index. J Obes Weight Loss Ther 2014, 4:216.
Article
Google Scholar
Krakauer NY, Krakauer JC: A new body shape index predicts mortality hazard independently of body mass index. PLoS One 2012,7(7):e39504.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ma X, Chen L, Hu W, He L: Association Between a Body Shape Index and Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis in Population Free of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases. J Atheroscler Thromb 2021. Sep 4 Epub ahead of print.