Skip to main content

Association of Life's Essential 8 with all-cause mortality and risk of cancer: a prospective cohort study

Abstract

Background

No study has concentrated on the association of LE8 with cancer risk and death. We aim to examine the association of LE8 with death and cancer.

Methods

A total of 94733 adults aged 51.42 ± 12.46 years and 77551 participants aged 54.09±12.06 years were enrolled in longitudinal and trajectory analysis respectively. Baseline LE8 was divided into three groups based on the American Heart Association criteria and three trajectory patterns by latent mixture models. We reviewed medical records and clinical examinations to confirm incident cancer during the period from 2006 to 2020. Death information was collected from provincial vital statistics offices. Cox models were used.

Results

12807 all-cause deaths and 5060 cancers were documented during a 14-year follow-up. Relative to participants with high LE8 at baseline, participants with lower levels of LE8 have a significantly increased risk of mortality and incident cancer. All these risks have an increasing trend with LE8 level decreasing. Meanwhile, the trajectory analysis recorded 7483 all-cause deaths and 3037 incident cancers after approximately 10 years. The associations of LE8 with death and cancer were identical to the longitudinal study. In the subtype cancer analysis, LE8 has a strong effect on colorectal cancer risk. Moreover, the cut point is 56.67 in the association between LE8 and death, while the cut point altered to 64.79 in the association between LE8 and incident cancers. These associations were enhanced among younger adults.

Conclusions

There was a significant association of LE8 with death and cancer risk, especially for the young population.

Peer Review reports

Background

Cancer is one of the biggest killers of human health and the global burden of cancer continues to increase, mainly due to aging, lifestyle, etc [1]. About 4.5 million new cancer cases and 3 million cancer deaths occurred in 2020, ranking among the highest worldwide in China [2]. Cancer prevention remains a significant and challenging public health concern, which may be vital in decreasing death and extending lifespan. Many factors, such as diet [3], physical activity (PA) [4], body mass index (BMI) [5], metabolic factors [5], and smoking [6], are established risk factors for many types of cancer.

In 2010, the American Heart Association (AHA) devised a strategic impact goal to promote cardiovascular health (CVH) in the population and individuals and constructed a measurement of CVH, Life's Simple 7 (LS7), to precisely estimate. To meet this target, the concept of CVH consisted of smoking, PA, BMI, dietary habits, total cholesterol (TC), blood pressure (BP), and fasting blood glucose (FBG) [7]. With the accumulating experience and evidence, LS7 was not enough to represent the full range of CVH. The AHA subsequently included sleep health as another essential component and quantified each metric with a new scoring algorithm ranging from 0 to 100, proposing an updated and enhanced definition of CVH--- now called "Life's Essential 8" (LE8) [8]. Although the health metrics were selected primarily due to their strong associations with CVD, many are associated with cancer and death [9, 10].

No previous study has specifically evaluated the association of LE8 with incident cancer and all-cause mortality. The dose-response effects of LE8 on incident cancer and death are also still unknown, which may help effectively separate the high-risk population who are likely to develop cancer and death in routine medical examination. To meet these challenges, we aim to examine the association of LE8 with cancer incidence and all-cause mortality in a community-based cohort in Kailuan, China.

Methods

Study population

The Kailuan study is an ongoing prospective cohort study, designed to find the potential health factor for Chinese in the Kailuan community in Tangshan, Republic of China. Detailed study design and procedures have been described [11, 12]. From June 2006 to October 2007, 101510 adults (81110 men and 20400 women) aged 18-98 were enrolled in the Kailuan community. All participants completed the investigation mainly consisting of three modules (e.g., standardized questionnaire assessment, clinical examination, and laboratory test) and were followed every two years.

This study evaluated the longitudinal and trajectory association of LE8 with incident cancer and death and further explored the cut-off point to achieve practical value in medical examination. 399 participants suffered from a malignant tumor and 6378 who maintained incomplete LE8 were excluded at baseline. A total of 94733 participants were enrolled in the longitudinal analysis. In addition to the longitudinal study, we further excluded 1424 cancers, 1574 deaths, and 14184 participants with missing data in LE8 from 2006 to 2010 to construct the trajectory pattern. A total of 77551 participants were recruited for trajectory analysis (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Flow Diagram for Participants Included in the Study

This study complies with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and the ethics committee of the Kailuan General Hospital approved the study protocol. Participants did not receive financial compensation, and each participant signed informed consent.

Assessment of Life's Essential 8 and covariates

Trained medical staff collected information on demographic characteristics (sex, date of birth, education level, and occupation), health status (co-morbidity and medication history), lifestyle factors (tobacco consumption, physical activities, sleeping duration, drinking habit, and daily diet), and family history of cancer by face-to-face interview with a standardized questionnaire. We determined the family history of cancer if the response from the interviewee to the question "Did your parents or grandparents have cancer?" was "Yes". Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) included myocardial infarction and stroke; the detailed diagnosis has been published elsewhere [13]. Three education levels were grouped according to the number of years of schooling: ≤ 6, 7-9, and > 9 years, and these corresponded roughly to elementary school or below, middle school, and high school or above, respectively, in this study. The categorization of occupation types was established based on responses to two questions: "Do you work in the mine or not?" and "Are you mainly engaged in manual labor or mental labor?". Participants indicating employment in the mine and engagement in mainly manual labor were classified as coal miners. Those working in the mine but engaged in mainly mental labor were categorized as other blue-collar workers. Participants not working in the mine but mainly involved in manual labor were also classified as other blue-collar workers. Those not working in the mine and primarily engaged in mental labor were categorized as white-collar workers. Participants were inquired about their smoking status: “Do you have the habit of smoking, or have you completely quit?” Further inquiries delved into their smoking frequency over the past year to obtain detailed smoking information according to their response. Drinking status was determined according to participants’ responses to the question, “Did you drink more than 1 time per week in the past half year?”. Dietary habits were assessed through questions regarding flavor preferences, frequency of consuming fatty foods, and frequency of consuming tea. Participants were queried about their weekly frequency of engaging in PA, with the duration of each session being at least 20 minutes. They were also asked to report their daily sleep duration at night in hours. The interviewees were asked whether they had been clinically diagnosed with chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, or other conditions. If the answer was affirmative, further inquiries to obtain detailed information on medication intake. The detailed information regarding the questionnaire survey conducted in the Kailuan study is available elsewhere [11, 14].

Medical workers measured the weight and height of participants and used a uniform formula=weight(kg)/height(m)2 to generate the records of BMI. BP was measured according to the seventh Joint National Committee recommendation [15]. After a 5-minute break, BP was measured at least two times with a corrected mercury sphygmomanometer while seated and the average value of BP was used for analysis [16]. Venous blood samples were collected from the antecubital vein after an overnight fast (8-12h). All blood samples were stored at -80°C and the blood biochemistry indices including FBG, TC, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were assessed by the auto-analyzer (Hitachi 747; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) at the central laboratory of Kailuan Hospital [12, 17]. Non-HDL-C was calculated using a formula: Non-HDL-C= TC- HDL-C.

Definition and scoring for the components of LE8 which consists of the four health behaviors (daily diet, PA, tobacco exposure, and sleep duration) and four metabolic indicators (BMI, non-HDL, FBG, and BP) had been issued elsewhere [8, 14, 18, 19]. The range of each metric was 0 to 100, and the overall LE8 score was calculated as the unweighted average of all 8 component scores for each participant. Then the participants were grouped by the criteria of the AHA: Low (0-49), Moderate (50-79), and High (80-100) [8]. Moreover, the LE8 trajectory patterns were constructed from 2006 to 2010 using latent mixture models. The confounders were selected based on previous studies [11].

Assessment of cancer and survival status

The primary outcomes of our study were incident cancer and all-cause death. We obtained the database of cancer diagnoses from the Municipal Social Insurance Institution and Hospital Discharge Register which was updated annually during the follow-up period. Information of histopathological examination, imaging check (e.g., ultrasonography, computerized tomographic scanning, and magnetic resonance imaging), biochemical blood test, and alpha-fetoprotein test were utilized for the cancer diagnosis. The clinical experts were involved in confirming cancer diagnosis by medical records review. All cancers were coded using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th (ICD-10) [20]. The detailed information on cancer cases in the Kailuan study from 2006 to 2020 and the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision codes has been listed in Table S1. The secondary outcomes were site-specific cancers including lung, liver, gastric, colorectal, and breast cancer. Due to the numbers of other subtypes being limited (n < 200) [21], we cut out the top five and put the rest in another category to avoid the results of limited power. All-cause mortality data was gathered from provincial vital statistics offices and reviewed by physicians [11].

Statistic analysis

The continuous variables were described by mean ± standard deviation (SD), while frequencies (percentages) were performed for categorized variables. One-way ANOVA and Chi-square tests were conducted to find the difference in each variable as appropriate. The person-time of follow-up for each participant was counted from age at the baseline (2006 for longitudinal study and 2010 for trajectory analysis) until the endpoints [the date of cancer diagnosis, death, or termination of the study (December 31, 2020)] to examine the association between LE8 and cancer risk, while the endpoints were death or termination if we explore the association between LE8 and death.

The statistical processes of primary results consist mainly of three sections: longitudinal analysis to examine the association of baseline LE8 with future cancer and death, trajectory analysis which examines the long-term LE8 patterns and outcomes, and threshold effect analysis to target the cut-off point of LE8 to distinguish the high-risk population.

In the longitudinal analysis, we calculated the incidence density of all-cause death (per 1,000 person-years) and cancer (per 10,000 person-years) across each baseline LE8 status. Cox proportional hazards regression, modeling with age as a time scale since age dramatically impacts the progression of cancer and death [22, 23], was conducted to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidential intervals (CIs) for the association of baseline LE8 with cancer and mortality. Numeric values were assigned to the LE8 level and analyzed as a continuous variable in the adjusted model to examine the trend.

In trajectory analysis, we used a latent mixture model to fit the trajectory pattern of LE8 score from 2006 to 2010 according to previous studies [11, 24, 25]. We checked the assumptions for group-based trajectory modeling and identified three distinct suitable patterns based on previous studies using a trajectory analysis [26].

All Cox proportional hazards models with strata option met Schoenfeld residuals' criteria of proportional hazards assumption before the models were established [27]. We additionally adjusted for potential confounders such as sex, education level, occupation, drinking habit, family history of cancer, and history of CVD.

In the threshold effect analysis, we consider those trajectories flat and unchanged during the exposure period from 2006 to 2010, and therefore, it’s meaningful to use baseline LE8 to target the cut-off points for differentiating high-risk populations who are more likely to develop death and cancer. Firstly, we allocated the population into six groups according to five knots (5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th centiles) and examined the association of baseline LE8 with incident cancer and death to preliminarily detect the potential dose-response effects. Subsequently, we used restricted cubic splines (RCS) with five knots to flexibly model the association of LE8 with incident cancer and mortality and to describe the dose-response relationships. Furthermore, we used a piecewise function according to five knots to fit each interval and likelihood ratio tests were conducted to determine the non-linearity. As the associations of LE8 with mortality and incident cancer were approximately linear below 50th and 75th, respectively, we additionally leveraged a linear model to calculate HR (95% CI) with per SD of LE8 score increasing.

The robustness of our results has been confirmed in several sensitivity analyses: (1) Stratified analyses were performed for age (<45, 45-65, >65), sex (women, men), year of education (≤6, 7-12, >12 years), occupation (coal miners, other blue collars, white-collar), family history of cancer (no, yes), and history of CVD (no, yes) in the fully adjusted model. In addition, Wald Chi-square tests were conducted to estimate whether covariates modified the association of LE8 with incident cancer and all-cause mortality. (2) All-cause death and incident cancer were simultaneously modeled as the different events in the adjusted Fine-Gray model, which could fully account for the competing risk of all-cause death; (3) We considered the potential for unmeasured confounding between LE8 score and incident cancer or all-cause mortality by calculating E-values [28]. The E-value quantifies the required magnitude of an unmeasured confounder that could negate the observed association between quartiles of LE8 score and incident cancer or all-cause mortality. (4) While previous studies have extensively explored the associations of each component of LE8 with cancer and all-cause death [3,4,5,6], it remains beneficial to discuss the association between each factor of LE8 and incident cancer and all-cause mortality. Furthermore, we have explored whether these associations exhibit consistency across different sexes. (5) We employed ROC curve analysis in our study to assess the performance of LE8 as a tool for estimating the risk of mortality or cancer incidence. This analysis also aimed to identify the optimal cut-off point for enhanced diagnostic precision. (6) Since LE8’s trajectory would be insufficient having only three time points, we additionally have extended the period of trajectory construction of LE8 to five years re-fitted the trajectory patterns, and then evaluated the association of LE8 trajectory patterns with incident cancer and all-cause death.

The data were analyzed using Stata/MP2 V17 (Stata Corp LLC, Texas, TX, United States), and the trajectories were modeled using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) with the "Proc Traj procedure", and ROC curve analysis was conducted with MedCalc 19.20. Statistical significance was determined by a two-sided P<0.05.

Results

Characteristics of the participants

The average all-cause mortality rate was 10.20 per 1000 person-years, while the average cancer incidence was 40.95 per 10000 person-years. A total of 94733 participants free of cancer, aged 51.43±12.46 years and 79.78% men, were included in the 14-year longitudinal study. The participants with high LE8 were younger, women, educated, white collars, never drinking, and without a family history of cancer (Table 1). In the trajectory analysis, 77551 participants, aged 54.09±12.06 and 78.45% men, met the inclusion such as having completed LE8 data and being free of cancer from 2006 to 2010. The study population was grouped by three discrete trajectories of LE8, and groups were named "Stable-Low," "Stable-Moderate," and "Stable-High," respectively (Fig. 2). The population in "Stable-High" were younger, women, with high social status, white collars, never drinking, and without a family cancer history (Table S2). In addition, the participants who developed cancer from 2006 to 2020 tended to be older (Table S3).

Table 1 Basic Characteristics of Participants According to Baseline Life’s Essential 8 Status Introduced by the American Heart Association in the Kailuan cohort
Fig. 2
figure 2

Mean Life’s Essential 8 Score in 2006, 2008, and 2010, According to 3 Life’s Essential 8 Score Trajectory Patterns. The Life’s Essential 8 Score range from 0 to 100, with the highest score representing the best health level. Error bars indicate 95% CI

Association of baseline and trajectory LE8 with all-cause mortality

After a median follow-up of 14.49 years, 1255175.08 person-years and 12807 (13.52%) deaths were observed. In brief, participants who had lower baseline LE8 levels were associated with a higher risk of death and all-cause mortality was increased with LE8 decreasing (P-trend <0.001) (Table 2). Relative to the high LE8 level, HRs for the low one were 1.71 (95% CI: 1.56, 1.87) in longitudinal analysis and 1.68 (95% CI: 1.55, 1.81) in trajectory analysis. In the six-group analysis, the risk of death is rising with LE8 declining (P-trend <0.001) but the effects of LE8 decreasing on death may increase quicker if the LE8 drops from 100 to 56.67 (25th centile) by comparing the effect values in five groups (Table 2). The RCS further examined and visualized the relation of LE8 with all-cause death, which showed that the HR is decreasing markedly with the LE8 increasing per SD (HR:0.81, 95% CI: 0.78, 0.83) when the LE8 is higher than 56.67 (P for non-linearity <0.001) (Fig. 3).

Table 2 Hazard Ratios of Life’s Essential 8 with Risk of All-cause Death
Fig. 3
figure 3

Association between Life’s Essential 8 and All-cause Mortality. Solid blue lines are multivariable adjusted hazard ratios, the dashed blue lines showing 95% confidence intervals derived from restricted spline cubic spline regressions with five knots (5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th percentile). All models were fully adjusted

In the interaction analysis, the associations between LE8 and all-cause death are modified by age, sex, education level, and drinking status (P-interaction <0.05). People aged less than 45 years old, women, having high education levels, and non-drinking were more sensitive to the health effect of LE8 on death, which means the association was enhanced among people with those characteristics (Table S4 and Table S5).

Association of baseline and trajectory LE8 with incident cancer

After a median follow-up of 14.02 years, 1235548.68 person-years, and 5060 (5.34%) cancer cases were observed, the main results of cancer were as identical as death. The participants who lived with low LE8 were more likely to develop cancer compared with high LE8 participants (Table 3). The incidence of cancer was inversely associated with LE8 level (P-trend<0.001) and HRs for the low LE8 were 1.27 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.45) in longitudinal analysis and 1.27 (1.13, 1.43) in trajectory analysis compared with the highest one in the complete models. In the six-group analysis, the same trend was also apparent (P-trend<0.001) but the association between baseline LE8 and cancer was not significant (HR:1.04, 95% CI: 0.89, 1.21) when we used the population belonged to 75th to 95th centiles of LE8 compared with the people located in the highest group (Table 3). The RCS further explored this dose-response association to a flexible model, and the graph visualized the relation of LE8 with incident cancer. The HR of LE8 and cancer started to decrease rapidly with per SD of LE8 increased (HR:0.83, 95% CI: 0.76, 0.90) from around 64.79 (50th percentile) to 100 of LE8 (P for non-linearity <0.001) (Fig. 4).

Table 3 Hazard Ratios of Life’s Essential 8 with Risk of Cancer
Fig. 4
figure 4

Association between Life’s Essential 8 and Incident Cancer Events. Solid blue lines are multivariable adjusted hazard ratios, the dashed blue lines showing 95% confidence intervals derived from restricted spline cubic spline regressions with five knots (5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 95th percentile). All models were fully adjusted

In the analysis for subtype cancer, we found an interesting result that the baseline LE8 level was inversely associated with cancer in the digestive system, including gastric cancer (GC) (HR:1.83, 95% CI: 1.02, 3.26) and colorectal cancer (CRC) (HR:1.98, 95% CI: 1.16, 3.36), which means LE8 and the progression of digestive cancer may have shared mechanism. Similar results were also found in the trajectory analysis. Still, if participants stood at a low LE8 level for an extended period, the elevated risk of lung cancer would stand out (HR:1.38, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.73) compared to people who maintained a high level of LE8 (Table S6 and Table S7).

In the interaction analysis, we found that the associations between LE8 and incident cancer are modified by age (P-interaction <0.05). This association is much stronger among people aged <45 than among other age groups. The same effect was not detected in other variables (Table S8 and Table S9).

Sensitivity analyses

In the several sensitivity analyses, the robustness was further examined. Stratification analysis further confirmed lower LE8 level was related to a higher risk of cancer and death although part of the results was not significant due to the power of test decline (Table S4, Table S5, Table S8, and Table S9). When considering the competing risk of death in the current study, the results were virtually unchanged in adjusted Fine-Gray models. The sub-distribution hazard ratios of LE8 and cancer are 1.24 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.41) and 1.25 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.40) in longitudinal and trajectory analysis (Table S10). We calculated E-values to estimate the sensitivity to unmeasured confounding. The primary results were robust enough (Table S11). The impacts of eight components on the risk of mortality or cancer incidence varied across different factors (Table S12 and Table S13). LE8 demonstrated a discernment capability, yielding an AUC of 0.577 for death and an AUC of 0.521 for incident cancer, both statistically significant (All P value <0.001), although the differences were not very substantial. Additionally, noteworthy was the variation in optimal cut-off points, with LE8 values of 64.17 for all-cause death and 70.00 for incident cancer (Figure S1), indicating differing effects of LE8 on distinct outcomes. Upon extending the trajectory construction period to six years, we identified four distinct trajectories following statistical rules for trajectory construction (Figure S2). Notably, these results remained consistent with our primary findings (Table S14 and Table S15).

Discussion

Main findings

This study revealed that LE8 is inversely associated with incident cancer and all-cause mortality. LE8 also has a stronger effect on digestive cancers such as GC and CRC than other cancers, which means the benefit of improvement in LE8, overall CVH, also extends to reinforce the function of the digestive system and the shared pathway may exist between cardiovascular section and digestive process [29]. In addition, there were threshold effects of LE8 on death and incident cancer, and the risk of death and cancer saw a significant rise to a certain degree. This finding can be helpful for clinical workers to distinguish the potential high-risk interviewees as an effective screening tool. Moreover, we observed a strong effect of the LE8 score on the younger individuals and participants with a family history of cancer. As mentioned above, the measurement of LE8 should be given in clinical practice and primary health care, especially for young people, which may hold the key to achieving primary prevention of cancers and extending the human lifespan. The diverse components exerted varying impacts on the risk of all-cause death and cancer.

Comparison with other studies

In this prospective study, the relationships between LE8 and cancer incidence or all-cause mortality were specifically examined. To our knowledge, most studies The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities study which included 13,253 participants reported that the number of LS7 components at baseline was inversely associated with cancer incidence [10]. Another Framingham Heart Study and Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease study pooled cohort study found higher LS7 scores were associated with a lower risk of future cancer [30]. Inconsistently, the association between higher baseline CVH and lower cancer-related mortality in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study did not reach statistical significance [31]. Those studies did not completely shed light on the health effects of LE8 on cancer risk and mortality. Meanwhile, previous studies have demonstrated that better LS7 status was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality [32, 33].

The current finding is quite different from another study that stems from the same cohort [11]. We carefully compared two studies and found that the previous study was based on the imperfect LS7 which fails to distinguish inter-individual differences and comprehensively assess the individual’s CVH. LS7 includes seven factors with a rough scoring system, ranging from 0 to 14, while LE8 additionally included sleep quality and precisely measured the CVH from 0 to 100 to meet the contemporary challenges in public health. There is a significant difference in the algorithm of LS7 and LE8, which means developing a practical screening tool is more possible using the LE8 score. Although the health effects of LS7 have been discussed in previous studies, the potential association of CVH using the LE8 score with incident cancer and all-cause mortality was limited. Current data not only addressed these crucial issues but also shed light on an extension of lifespan. The average all-cause mortality observed in our study aligns with findings reported in a pooled analysis from three cohorts in China, where the all-cause mortality was 1024.76 deaths per 100,000 person-years [34]. Furthermore, data released by the National Cancer Center of China in 2022 indicated a crude incidence and age-standardized incidence for cancer at 341.75 and 201.61 cases per 100,000 person-years, respectively [35]. In our study, the crude incidence of cancer was slightly higher, at 409.53 cases per 100,000 person-years. This discrepancy may be attributed to local features and sex, given that the Kailuan cohort predominantly consisted of miners in Tangshan, a northern Chinese city known for heavy industrial and coal mining activities, contributing to long-term environmental pollution. The close association between environmental factors and cancer in terms of mechanism and epidemiology is well-documented [36]. Additionally, many participants in our study were male and exhibited a higher incidence of common cancers, and the cancer death rate was 1.7 times higher in men than in women (225.97 per 100,000 men vs. 136.79 per 100,000 women) [33]. For the individual metrics, we found that BP is the leading contributor to both cancer and all-cause mortality. The association of achieving ideal BP substantially reducing the risk of cancer and death is not novel [30, 32, 33]. However, inconsistent with the previous finding that PA contributes most to mortality in the US population [37], our study confirmed that BP is the strongest driver for reducing all-cause mortality risks within the LE8 framework among Chinese adults. The difference suggested the relevance of adopting locally tailored strategies in the implementation and utility of LE8 metrics to alleviate the burden of mortality.

The three discrete LE8 trajectories from 2006 to 2010 showed no significant overall change over time. Our findings suggest that individual CVH status as assessed by LE8 might barely change in a long time without intervention, which means the implementation of population-based screening programs and frontline physicians could use a single measurement of LE8 to predict the underlying health status. Furthermore, according to the 2015 China Cancer Statistics [38], through decades of substantial efforts in cancer prevention and control, overall age-standardized cancer incidence and mortality rates in China were stable but still at high levels between 2000 and 2011 [39]. It is hypothesized that an essential reason impeding the decline in cancer incidence and mortality might be that some CVD risk factors have not improved significantly.

LE8 with all-cause mortality

The protective effect of ideal CVH on death may be due partly to attenuating the effects of genetic susceptibility to CVD. A recent study from UK Biobank, based on mediation analyses, elucidated that ideal CVH is associated with lower cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality, and that a more pronounced correlation was observed in individuals with higher genetic susceptibility to CVD [40]. Undoubtedly, this emphasized the importance of maintaining an ideal CVH to reduce the risk of genetic susceptibility to health, especially for those with high genetic risk.

Based on the recently updated LE8, a prospective cohort study, also from Kailuan, showed that baseline and long-term CVH were associated with an inverse gradient in the risk of all-cause mortality in young people under 40 years of age [19]. We detected an association between LE8 and death more significantly in participants <45 years than in those ≥45 years. LE8 was associated with an enhanced benefit of lower all-cause mortality in younger adults, effect sizes were enlarged among the younger group, and the age difference in effects was kept in line with previous studies [41]. In brief, the findings highlight that improving overall CVH status in younger adults could effectively mitigate cardiovascular risk and prolong the life span.

LE8 with incident cancer

Better CVH at baseline and long-term trajectory are inversely associated with lower cancer risk in the Chinese population. Our study provides additional references for clinicians to guide the prevention of high-risk cancer populations. To our knowledge, there are few age-specific findings on CVH and cancer incidence, but in our study, we observed an association between LE8 and the risk of cancer more significantly in younger adults. This underscores the importance of maintaining healthy behaviors and factors early in life, and improving overall cardiovascular health in young adults can significantly prevent the triggered factors of cancer.

We found an inverse relationship between LE8 and incident cancer, which means there may be some shared mechanisms between CVH and cancer. Increasing evidence supports the role of clonal hematopoiesis [42, 43], inflammatory factor [44], and hyperinsulinemia [45, 46] in the development of CVD and cancer. Clonal hematopoiesis is causally associated with an increased risk of cancer and all-cause mortality, and loss of function in hematopoietic cells and mutations in macrophages accelerate CVD [43]; Interleukin-1β mediates inflammation in the tumor microenvironment and stimulates downstream interleukin-6 receptor signaling pathway to develop CVD [44, 47]; Vascular endothelial growth factor is associated with abnormal endothelial function, angiogenesis, and hemodynamic effects and is often highly expressed in cancer and CVD [45].

Our study further explored the association between LE8 and cancer subtypes and found that LE8 had a stronger effect on digestive cancers (such as GC and CRC) than other cancers. Digestive cancers play a leading role in cancer deaths [48] and there may be some shared underlying pathogenic mechanisms between CVH and the digestive system, and these include common lifestyle-related risk factors such as smoking, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, which might lead to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, increasing the risk of both outcomes [49,50,51]. Shared cellular, signaling, and genetic pathways, such as diet factors might significantly affect the risk of CRC through inflammatory pathways or the intestinal microbial environment [52, 53]; Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) function in different gene regulatory pathways through epigenetic modifications as well as transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation and their function and expression levels have been proven to be associated with CVD and cancer [54], especially in GC metastasis [55].

Threshold effects of LE8 on all-cause mortality and cancer risk

Conventional evidence supports a negative dose-dependent association between single baseline CVH and all-cause mortality, suggesting that lower CVH is associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality compared with higher CVH [56]. However, positive dose-response associations within certain intervals have also been reported [57], which may be related to confounding by unmeasured disease or subclinical symptoms, but regrettably, these LS7 studies have found no threshold effect. Sleep duration has been found to have an inverse L-shaped association with the risk of all-cause mortality, with a threshold effect showing an optimal critical value of approximately 9 h [58]. Our study extended previous investigations by adding sleep indicators and found the optimal threshold based on a negative dose-response association between overall CVH score and risk of cancer and death. The risks of cancer and all-cause mortality were dramatically reduced when baseline and trajectory LE8 scores were above optimal thresholds after controlling for confounders. Our findings suggest that the presence of a critical score quantification point can make a slight improvement in the total CVH score and lead to a significant reduction in cancer and death. This is a remarkably substantial finding in this study. Especially for those who are susceptible to cancer or other chronic diseases, some of them may be unable to obtain consistently high CVH scores due to functional or other limitations, so if they can work toward a threshold score, it could significantly reduce their risk of cancer and death. Thus, the finding of a threshold node for CVH score benefits both cancer and mortality risk improvement, while a lower threshold score for death compared to cancer was observed. That implies that improvements in CVH would be more likely to benefit mortality, a small improvement in total CVH score could lead to a large reduction in mortality. Overall, targeted programs and health policies targeting LE8 factors with lower scores are encouraged to improve the total population-level LE8 score. When LE8 threshold scores are adopted and enhanced by the population, cancer and death risks can be effectively reduced. The discovery of threshold effects improves the sensitivity of measuring CVH changes over time at the individual and population levels and may help researchers, policymakers and health systems develop standardized tools for targeting precision interventions.

Strengths and limitations

Apart from this study based on a large-scale prospective community-based cohort with a long follow-up period, LE8 was repeatedly collected. This may reduce random errors and shed light on the potential association between long-term LE8 and cancer incidence or longevity. Furthermore, this study is the first to disclose LE8 associated with cancer incidence and mortality. However, the study is limited in several ways. First, all participants were enrolled from the Kailuan Group, and most of them were men, which means the generalizability is limited. Second, the period of trajectory construction was around five years; thus, the life course changes in LE8 could not be observed, which is worth to be depicted in future studies. Third, many confounding factors still have not been controlled in our study. We calculated the E-value via the Stata module for unmeasured confounding to quantify the potential influence of unmeasured confounders in sensitivity analysis. We found that an unmeasured confounder might not account for the entirety of the LE8 effect. Fourth, our present study lacks information regarding the association between LE8 and cause-specific mortality, such as CVD mortality or cancer mortality. This limitation arises from the Kailuan study's failure to collect specific causes of death. Understanding the specific types of mortality associated with LE8 would provide valuable insights. Consequently, future research endeavors should seek more population-based evidence to thoroughly investigate the association between LE8 and cause-specific mortality. Fifth, the limited trajectory period of four years in our study although we extended it to six years, representing only a small fraction of the human lifespan, presented a constraint in fully capturing the comprehensive patterns of LE8 changes across an individual's life. This underscores the significance of exploring the lifetime trajectory of LE8 in future studies to gain a more thorough understanding.

Conclusions

LE8 was inversely associated with incident cancer and all-cause mortality, especially for younger adults. There are threshold effects of LE8 on cancer and all-cause mortality. The findings augment important information that participants were encouraged to measure LE8 in medical examination, which may help assess their health status; thus, the participants can acquire appropriate treatment promptly, especially for the high-risk population.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

AHA:

The American Heart Association

ARIC:

Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities

BMI:

Body mass index

BP:

Blood pressure

CVH:

Cardiovascular health

CIs:

Confidential intervals

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

FBG:

Fasting blood glucose

HR:

Hazard ratio

HDL-C:

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

IQR:

Interquartile range

LS7:

Life's Simple 7

LE8:

Life's Essential 8

NHANES:

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

PA:

Physical activity

PH:

Proportional hazard

PAFs:

Population attributable fractions

SD:

Standard deviation

TC:

Total Cholesterol

TG:

Triglyceride

References

  1. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Cancer IAfRo: Latest global cancer data: Cancer burden rises to 19.3 million new cases and 10.0 million cancer deaths in 2020. World Health Organization; 2020. https://www.iarc.who.int/news-events/latest-global-cancer-data-cancer-burden-rises-to-19-3-million-new-casesand-10-0-million-cancer-deaths-in-2020/.

  3. Aune D, Chan DS, Lau R, Vieira R, Greenwood DC, Kampman E, Norat T. Dietary fibre, whole grains, and risk of colorectal cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Bmj. 2011;343: d6617.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. McTiernan A, Kooperberg C, White E, Wilcox S, Coates R, Adams-Campbell LL, Woods N, Ockene J. Recreational physical activity and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative Cohort Study. Jama. 2003;290(10):1331–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, Heller RF, Zwahlen M. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet. 2008;371(9612):569–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Huncharek M, Haddock KS, Reid R, Kupelnick B. Smoking as a risk factor for prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of 24 prospective cohort studies. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(4):693–701.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Kesireddy V, Tan Y, Kline D, et al. The Association of Life's Simple 7 with Aldosterone among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):955. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050955.

  8. Lloyd-Jones DM, Allen NB, Anderson CAM, Black T, Brewer LC, Foraker RE, Grandner MA, Lavretsky H, Perak AM, Sharma G, et al. Life’s Essential 8: Updating and Enhancing the American Heart Association’s Construct of Cardiovascular Health: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022;146(5):e18–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Mogavero MP, DelRosso LM, Fanfulla F, Bruni O, Ferri R. Sleep disorders and cancer: State of the art and future perspectives. Sleep Med Rev. 2021;56: 101409.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Shay CM, Abramson JG, Friedrich CA, Nettleton JA, Prizment AE, Folsom AR. Ideal cardiovascular health is inversely associated with incident cancer: the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities study. Circulation. 2013;127(12):1270–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Wu S, An S, Li W, Lichtenstein AH, Gao J, Kris-Etherton PM, Wu Y, Jin C, Huang S, Hu FB, et al. Association of Trajectory of Cardiovascular Health Score and Incident Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(5): e194758.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Jin C, Chen S, Vaidya A, Wu Y, Wu Z, Hu FB, Kris-Etherton P, Wu S, Gao X. Longitudinal Change in Fasting Blood Glucose and Myocardial Infarction Risk in a Population Without Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(11):1565–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Wang C, Yuan Y, Zheng M, Pan A, Wang M, Zhao M, Li Y, Yao S, Chen S, Wu S, et al. Association of Age of Onset of Hypertension With Cardiovascular Diseases and Mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(23):2921–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gao J, Liu Y, Ning N, Wang J, Li X, Wang A, Chen S, Guo L, Wu Z, Qin X, et al. Better Life’s Essential 8 Is Associated With Lower Risk of Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Community-Based Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(17): e029399.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. Jama. 2003;289(19):2560–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Wu Z, Jin C, Vaidya A, Jin W, Huang Z, Wu S, Gao X. Longitudinal Patterns of Blood Pressure, Incident Cardiovascular Events, and All-Cause Mortality in Normotensive Diabetic People. Hypertension. 2016;68(1):71–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ma C, Gurol ME, Huang Z, Lichtenstein AH, Wang X, Wang Y, Neumann S, Wu S, Gao X. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: A prospective study. Neurology. 2019;93(5):e445–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Jin C, Li J, Liu F, Li X, Hui Y, Chen S, Li F, Wang G, Liang F, Lu X, et al. Life’s Essential 8 and 10-Year and Lifetime Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in China. Am J Prev Med. 2023;64(6):927–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Xing A, Tian X, Wang Y, Chen S, Xu Q, Xia X, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wang A, Wu S. “Life’s Essential 8” cardiovascular health with premature cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in young adults: the Kailuan prospective cohort study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2023;30(7):593–600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Guan XM, Wu SL, Yang XL, Han X, Yang YH, Li XT, Bin Waleed K, Yue D, Zhan SY, Liu Y, et al. Association of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and cancer in a Chinese male population. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(6):1209–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhang YB, Pan XF, Lu Q, Wang YX, Geng TT, Zhou YF, Liao LM, Tu ZZ, Chen JX, Xia PF, et al. Associations of combined healthy lifestyles with cancer morbidity and mortality among individuals with diabetes: results from five cohort studies in the USA, the UK and China. Diabetologia. 2022;65(12):2044–55.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Yuan Y, Liu K, Zheng M, Chen S, Wang H, Jiang Q, Xiao Y, Zhou L, Liu X, Yu Y, et al. Analysis of Changes in Weight, Waist Circumference, or Both, and All-Cause Mortality in Chinese Adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(8): e2225876.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Yasuda T, Koiwa M, Yonemura A, Miyake K, Kariya R, Kubota S, Yokomizo-Nakano T, Yasuda-Yoshihara N, Uchihara T, Itoyama R, et al. Inflammation-driven senescence-associated secretory phenotype in cancer-associated fibroblasts enhances peritoneal dissemination. Cell Rep. 2021;34(8): 108779.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Jones BL, Nagin DS, Roeder K. A SAS Procedure Based on Mixture Models for Estimating Developmental Trajectories. Sociological Methods & Research. 2001;29(3):374–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Jones BL, Nagin DS. Advances in Group-Based Trajectory Modeling and an SAS Procedure for Estimating Them. Sociological Methods & Research. 2007;35(4):542–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Jeon J, Jung KJ, Jee SH. Waist circumference trajectories and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korean population: the Korean genome and epidemiology study (KoGES). BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):741.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Schoenfeld D: Partial residuals for the proportional hazards regression model. Biometrika 1982, 69(1):239-241.

  28. Linden A, Mathur MB, VanderWeele TJ. Conducting sensitivity analysis for unmeasured confounding in observational studies using E-values: The evalue package. The Stata Journal. 2020;20(1):162–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Ahmad AF, Dwivedi G, O’Gara F, Caparros-Martin J, Ward NC. The gut microbiome and cardiovascular disease: current knowledge and clinical potential. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2019;317(5):H923–h938.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lau ES, Paniagua SM, Liu E, Jovani M, Li SX, Takvorian K, Suthahar N, Cheng S, Splansky GL, Januzzi JL Jr, et al. Cardiovascular Risk Factors are Associated with Future Cancer. JACC CardioOncol. 2021;3(1):48–58.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Artero EG, España-Romero V, Lee DC, Sui X, Church TS, Lavie CJ, Blair SN. Ideal cardiovascular health and mortality: Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(10):944–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Ford ES, Greenlund KJ, Hong Y. Ideal cardiovascular health and mortality from all causes and diseases of the circulatory system among adults in the United States. Circulation. 2012;125(8):987–95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Yang Q, Cogswell ME, Flanders WD, Hong Y, Zhang Z, Loustalot F, Gillespie C, Merritt R, Hu FB. Trends in cardiovascular health metrics and associations with all-cause and CVD mortality among US adults. Jama. 2012;307(12):1273–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Zhang Y, Yu C, Chen S, Tu Z, Zheng M, Lv J, Wang G, Liu Y, Yu J, Guo Y, et al. Ideal cardiovascular health and mortality: pooled results of three prospective cohorts in Chinese adults. Chin Med J (Engl). 2023;136(2):141–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Zheng RS, Chen R, Han BF, Wang SM, Li L, Sun KX, Zeng HM, Wei WW, He J. Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2022. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2024;46(3):221–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Turner MC, Andersen ZJ, Baccarelli A, Diver WR, Gapstur SM, Pope CA, 3rd, et al. Outdoor air pollution and cancer: an overview of the current evidence and public health recommendations. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70:460–79. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21632.

  37. Sun J, Li Y, Zhao M, Yu X, Zhang C, Magnussen CG, Xi B. Association of the American Heart Association’s new “Life’s Essential 8” with all-cause and cardiovascular disease-specific mortality: prospective cohort study. BMC Med. 2023;21(1):116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, Zhang S, Zeng H, Bray F, Jemal A, Yu XQ, He J. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66(2):115–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Feng RM, Zong YN, Cao SM, Xu RH. Current cancer situation in China: good or bad news from the 2018 Global Cancer Statistics? Cancer Commun (Lond). 2019;39(1):22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Zhang J, Chen G, Habudele Z, Wang X, Cai M, Li H, Gao Y, Lip GYH, Lin H. Relation of Life’s Essential 8 to the genetic predisposition for cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality: results from a national prospective cohort. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2023;30(15):1676–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Han L, You D, Ma W, Astell-Burt T, Feng X, Duan S, Qi L. National Trends in American Heart Association Revised Life’s Simple 7 Metrics Associated With Risk of Mortality Among US Adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(10): e1913131.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Koene RJ, Prizment AE, Blaes A, Konety SH. Shared Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer. Circulation. 2016;133(11):1104–14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Jaiswal S, Natarajan P, Silver AJ, Gibson CJ, Bick AG, Shvartz E, McConkey M, Gupta N, Gabriel S, Ardissino D, et al. Clonal Hematopoiesis and Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(2):111–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, MacFadyen JG, Chang WH, Ballantyne C, Fonseca F, Nicolau J, Koenig W, Anker SD, et al. Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(12):1119–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Felmeden DC, Spencer CG, Belgore FM, Blann AD, Beevers DG, Lip GY. Endothelial damage and angiogenesis in hypertensive patients: relationship to cardiovascular risk factors and risk factor management. Am J Hypertens. 2003;16(1):11–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Renehan AG, Zwahlen M, Minder C, O’Dwyer ST, Shalet SM, Egger M. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Lancet. 2004;363(9418):1346–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Ridker PM, MacFadyen JG, Thuren T, Everett BM, Libby P, Glynn RJ. Effect of interleukin-1β inhibition with canakinumab on incident lung cancer in patients with atherosclerosis: exploratory results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;390(10105):1833–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018, 392(10159):1736-1788.

  49. Johnson CB, Davis MK, Law A, Sulpher J. Shared Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: Implications for Preventive Health and Clinical Care in Oncology Patients. Can J Cardiol. 2016;32(7):900–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Zhang C, Cheng Y, Luo D, Wang J, Liu J, Luo Y, Zhou W, Zhuo Z, Guo K, Zeng R, et al. Association between cardiovascular risk factors and colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;34: 100794.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Steven S, Frenis K, Oelze M, Kalinovic S, Kuntic M, Bayo Jimenez MT, Vujacic-Mirski K, Helmstädter J, Kröller-Schön S, Münzel T, et al. Vascular Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: Major Triggers for Cardiovascular Disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:7092151.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Shivappa N, Godos J, Hébert JR, et al. Dietary Inflammatory Index and Colorectal Cancer Risk-A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2017;9(9):1043. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091043.

  53. Sofi F, Dinu M, Pagliai G, Pierre F, Gueraud F, Bowman J, Gerard P, Longo V, Giovannelli L, Caderni G, et al. Fecal microbiome as determinant of the effect of diet on colorectal cancer risk: comparison of meat-based versus pesco-vegetarian diets (the MeaTIc study). Trials. 2019;20(1):688.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Maass PG, Luft FC, Bähring S. Long non-coding RNA in health and disease. J Mol Med (Berl). 2014;92(4):337–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Rahayu ES, Mariyatun M, Putri Manurung NE, Hasan PN, Therdtatha P, Mishima R, Komalasari H, Mahfuzah NA, Pamungkaningtyas FH, Yoga WK, et al. Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Dad-13 powder consumption on the gut microbiota and intestinal health of overweight adults. World J Gastroenterol. 2021;27(1):107–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Mi N. Kunutsor SK, Voutilainen A, Kurl S, Kauhanen J, J AL: Association between ideal cardiovascular health and risk of sudden cardiac death and all-cause mortality among middle-aged men in Finland. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021;28(3):294–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Isiozor NM, Kunutsor SK, Voutilainen A, Kurl S, Kauhanen J, Laukkanen JA. American heart association’s cardiovascular health metrics and risk of cardiovascular disease mortality among a middle-aged male Scandinavian population. Ann Med. 2019;51(5–6):306–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Ding R, Ding P, Tian L, Kuang X, Huang L, Shi H. Sleep duration trajectories and all-cause mortality among Chinese elderly: A community-based cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):1095.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We appreciate those who were involved in the Kailuan study.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from public, commercial, or not-for-profit funding agencies.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

JJ and NN: Conceptualization, Software, Formal analysis, Writing-original draft, Writing - review & editing. YL: Conceptualization, Software, Writing-original draft, Writing - review & editing. ZC, MZ, XP, LL, SC, JW, and FW: Review & editing. XQ, YM, and SW: Conceptualization, Review & editing, Supervision, Resources. JJ and NN: contributed equally as co-first authors. XQ, YM, and SW: contributed equally as the co-corresponding author. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Xueying Qin, Yanan Ma or Shouling Wu.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study complies with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and the ethics committee of the Kailuan General Hospital approved the study protocol. Each participant signed informed consent.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jiang, J., Ning, N., Liu, Y. et al. Association of Life's Essential 8 with all-cause mortality and risk of cancer: a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 24, 1406 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18879-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18879-y

Keywords