Table 5 Summary of the designs, methods, techniques and outcomes used to produce economic evidence

Reporting only implementation and running costs (IRC)

Gitlin, USA, 2012 [36]

Control group: 4 month wait-list

[Single-blind parallel]

Randomised trial

PHQ-9

Change in categorical diagnosis

Intervention staff costs (inc travel)

Program supervision cost

Training costs

Programme material costs

Adverse events

US$

(2010)

Intervention supervisor and facilitator log

Reporting implementation and running costs AND health and/or social care related costs (IRHSC)

Mayer, USA, 2010 [32]

Post intervention outcomes: between participants and non-participants

Cohort (retrospective)

Total healthcare cost

Inpatient costs; primary care costs; percentage of hospitalisations; number of hospital days

Only total aggregate cost detail

US$

(2005)

From Group Health Cooperative (GHC) (consumer-governed, mixed-model health maintenance organisation with complete cost data for all participants)

Ellis-Hill, UK, 2019 [34]

Control group: standard/typical care

Randomised trial (feasibility study)

Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS);

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS);

ICEpop CAPability measure for adults (ICECAP-A)

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES);

Medical Outcomes Short Form Health Survey (SF-36 V.1);

Head Injury Semantic Differential Scale (HISDS-III)

Intervention staff costs

(fixed fee; including travel);

Goods (not categorised by consumable and durable);

Venue hire cost

£

(2015)

Resource-use form completed by intervention facilitator

Including an economic evaluation (EE)

Kahn, USA, 2001 [31]

Absence of intervention, based on modelled risk reduction

Cohort (prospective)

HIV infection averted

QALYs gained

Staff costs (inc travel);

Training costs;

Goods (durable and consumable);

Venue hire;

Communication/ networking costs (with community partners)

US$

(2000)

Intervention costs: project ledgers and staff interview

Averted health care costs: combing published cost model with recent data on treatment patterns

Stevens, UK, 2002 [40]

Standard/typical care

Panel study

Cost per 1-year quitter

Cost per life year saved

Salary cost;

Other labour costs;

Non-pay costs;

Total direct cost;

Overheads

£

(unreported)

Actual cost expenditure figures

Krukowski, USA, 2013 [35]

Professionally delivered service

[Cluster] Randomised trial

Cost per kg lost

Assume existing space, staff;

Staff costs (time to train lay health worker, production of training and intervention implementation manual);

Goods (digital scale and stadiometer, participant recruitment material. calorie and fat counter book for participants, a pedometer, calculator, and lesson binder)

USA$

(unreported)

Unreported

Pizzi, USA, 2014 [37]

Control group: 4 month wait-list

[Single-blind parallel]

Randomised trial

QALY as measured by EQ-5D

ICER using HUI-3 derived QALY

“Screening, intervention delivery and supervision”;

Health care service use (inpatient; outpatient; medication costs);

“Formal care giving and social service use”;

Work productivity losses

US$

(2010)

Intervention supervisor and facilitator log

Eckermann, Australia, 2014 [33]

Pre/ post comparison

Cohort

Health outcomes reported in separate publications;

Triangulated behaviour change

Staff cost (inc volunteer time);

Programme coordinator costs

Au$

(unreported)

Survey completed by Intervention facilitator;

Volunteer time at same rate set as kitchen/Garden specialist rate

Wingate, UK, 2017 [41]

Control group: standard/typical care

[Cluster]

Randomised trial

Primary/ secondary unspecified:

Reference separate publication for complete health outcomes;

Key outcomes mentioned:

Systolic blood pressure; HbAlc

Hospital staff cost

(Nurse, GP Diabetes specialist nurse, Healthcare assistant, Dietician, Consultant);

A&E visits;

Overnight hospital-stay;

Participant out-of-pocket costs (medication, glucose monitoring, cost of medical visits, travel, & other costs)

£

(2013)

Out-of-pocket costs: resource-use form completed by intervention participants;

NHS unit costs derived from ‘Unit Costs of Health and Social Care data’

Chung, USA, 2018 (38)

Non-ABA intervention: ‘Resources for services’: offers technical assistance through webinar and individual primary care practice site visits

[Cluster]

Randomised trial

Intervention, planning, training, and service use costs

Screening engagement activities;

Training;

Goods (consumables);

Participant co-production time;

Staff;

Communication/ networking (with participants);

Behavioural health/ depression specific costs (counselling; education; therapy; psychotropic medication; referral)

Service-use costs

[inpatient hospital night for behavioural health; all emergency room visits; emergency room visits; outpatient primary care visits; social community service visits (family preservation, prisoner re-entry, senior centres, hair salons, exercise clubs); psychotropic medications]

US$

(2010)

Study logs and activity sign-in sheers

(wages: time multiplied by hourly wage);

Participant-report collected via phone survey;

Service use costs: “Consumer Price Index (Hospital and Related Services)” assigned to participant-reported use;

Community use costs: estimated from 2010 US Department of Labor national averages of staff wages;

Psychotropic medication: match patient reported data to ‘World Health Organisational Daily Defined Dose index’ and compared to 2010 Redbook price data

Visram, UK, 2020 [42]

Forecasted intervention outcomes through behaviour change models

Before and after study

Achieve behaviour change

(following intervention: as set in personal health plan)

Staff (time to asset-map, sign-post services);

Fixed per participant cost

£

(2014–15)

Trainer data collection and reporting system;

Score card completed by intervention facilitator;

Data input to ‘Ready Reckoner’ economic model, using 2014/5 cost

Yeary, USA, 2020 [39]

Control group who did not receive additional 12 maintenance sessions

[Cluster]

Randomised trial

Cost per kg loss

Staff (volunteer time uncosted)

Training

Engagement

Goods (consumables and durables)

US$

(2014–15)

Budget reports completed throughout intervention