Table 4 Included studies summary: populations, interventions, comparators

Reporting only implementation and running costs (IRC)

Gitlin, USA, 2012 [36]

African Americans; ≥ 55; English speaking; ‘cognitively intact’ (MMSE > 24), ≥ 5 on PHQ-9

Reduce depressive symptoms

Screening & education programme

Beat the Blues

Implement routine screening for depression and offer culturally sensitive coping (non-pharmacology) strategies

Senior centre care management staff

Senior centres

No;

“Delivered through community-based organisations”

Reporting implementation and running costs AND health and/or social care related costs (IRHSC)

Mayer, USA, 2010 [32]

Ling County residents; ≥ 65

Prevent disabilities, improve health and functioning in older adults

Education programme

Enhance Wellness

Wellness programme with health assessment, a tailored health plan and motivational support to achieve self-chosen goal

Hosting site or senior services staff

Community centres (predominately senior centres)

No;

“connect clients with information and resources that help them address their personal health concerns”

Ellis-Hill, UK, 2019 [34]

Adults; up to 2 years post stoke

Improve mood of individuals post stroke

Peer support service

HeART of Stroke

Art and health group (10 × 2-h sessions over 14 weeks) + standard care

Artist-facilitated

Community centres

No;

“creative approaches in health provision”

“community arts and health group intervention”

Including an economic evaluation (EE)

Kahn, USA, 2001 [31]

‘Gay and bisexual men’; 18–27

Reduce HIV infection

Education programme

Empowerment Project

Peer outreach with young gay men to encourage peers to engage in safer sex and recruit additional young gay men. Peer led 3x1 hour group meetings (involving discussions, exercise, and role-plays on issues related to HIV, and train and motivate outreach)

Young gay men in the community, with support of two behavioural intervention researchers

Universities, bars, community events

No;

“community-level intervention”

Stevens, UK, 2002 [40]

Turkish community in Camden and Islington

Promote non-smoking as norm; reduce prevalence of smoking

Education programme

-

Theatre performance (written and performed by local Turkish community) and poster campaign

Turkish drama group: ‘Tiyatro Ala-Turka’

Local Turkish venues (café, advice and community)

No;

“targeting specific groups for direct action”

Krukowski, USA, 2013 [35]

Adults ≥ 60; obese (BMI ≥ 30); no significant memory problems (Mini mental State Exam score ≥ 23)

Implement diabetes prevention program in high-risk group

Education programme

Lifestyle Education

‘Diabetes Prevention Programme’ adapted for group setting to support weight loss among high-risk group

Trained lay worker

Senior centres

No:

“Programmes delivered by Lay Health Educators might support greater dissemination [in the community]”

Pizzi, USA, 2014 [37]

African Americans; ≥ 55; English speaking; cognitively intact (MMSE > 24), and ≥ 5 on PHQ-9

Reduce depressive symptoms

Screening and Education programme

Beat the Blues

Implement routine screening for depression and offer culturally sensitive coping (non-pharmacology) strategies

Senior centre care management staff

Senior centres

No;

“Delivered through community-based organisations”

 Eckermann, Australia, 2014 [33]

School students; 8–12; school years 3–6

Improve lifestyle behaviours, food choices and eating habits

Education programme

Stephanie Alexander Kitchen Garden National Program

‘The Stephanie Alexander Kitchen Garden National Program (SAKNP)’, supports weekly lessons, linking lessons to official curriculum, involvement of community volunteers

Hired garden and kitchen specialists

Primary schools

No;

“Engage with social networks and build social capital to enable community ownership”

Wingate, UK, 2017 [41]

Adults; with type 2 Diabetes

Improve diabetes management

Peer support service

Randomized controlled trial of Peer Support In type 2 Diabetes

‘Peer support facilitators’ (PSF) deliver support via 1:1, group or both group and 1:1 peer support (combined)

Community members with Type 2 diabetes trained as PSF

Community centres

No;

“Group-based peer support”

Chung, USA, 2018 [38]

African American and Latino adults; with depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 10)

Reduce depression and depressive symptoms

Screening and Education programme

Community Engagement and Planning

Multi-sector coalitions to support training and monitoring of local community depression

Council of community members and academics

Faith centres, senior centres, barber shops

No;

“Receive support outside of health care in alternative community services”

Visram, UK, 2020 [42]

Adults; Localised to County Durham; Targeting ‘high need populations’: veterans, social isolated older people, mild to moderate mental health issues, manual workers, LGBTQ

Improve prevention health services by integrating existing community services

Signposting service

Wellbeing for Life

Integrated health and wellbeing service by combing one-to-one behaviour change interventions, group wellbeing improvement sessions, volunteer support and capacity building and other community development-related activities

Lay health worker (no formal qualification)

Community hubs and community outreach

Yes

Yeary, USA, 2020 [39]

“Black adults”; Members of at least 1 of 32 selected rural community churches

Prevent diabetes through weight loss

Education programme

WORD

Culturally sensitive adaptation of ‘Diabetes Prevention Programme’; offers small group education sessions

CHW recruited from congregation (selected by local pastor) and trained to deliver service

Churches

No;

“[churches] accessibility to underserved groups brings potentials for wide-spread implementation”