Skip to main content
Download PDF

Determination of moderate walking intensity using step rate and VO2 reserve in healthy men

BMC Public Health volume 24, Article number: 403 (2024) Cite this article

Abstract

Objective

This study investigated step rates (SR) during overground walking to estimate the relative aerobic capacity that corresponds to a moderate intensity.

Methods

The present study utilized a repeated measure, within-subjects design incorporating a counterbalanced order. A total of twenty-three healthy men walked on a 119-meter oval track with artificial turf at self-selected pace (FP), 100, 120, and 140 steps/min for 6 min each while oxygen uptake (VO2), speed (in km/h), distance (in m), and steps (in steps/min) were measured.

Results

During FP, participants walked an average cadence of 117 ± 9.3 steps/minclose to 120 steps/min, which corresponds to 4.7 metabolic equivalents (METs). The estimated VO2 reserve was 30.5% of VO2 reserve at the FP and was close to the 120 steps/min of 33.3%. At the 100 and 140 steps/min, the VO2 reserve were 24.1% and 45.2%, respectively. The regression analysis revealed that an SR of 88.2 elicited 3METs and 17.1% of VO2reserve. Additionally, an SR of 129 elicited 5.9METs and 40% of VO2 reserve.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that a moderate walking intensity for young, healthy men corresponded to 128.9 steps per minute. A range of 120 ~ 140 steps/min for walking could be recommended as a general guideline for moderate-intensity exercise. However, concerning providing public guidelines, caution should be taken regarding determining the moderate walking intensity due to the individual’s fitness level.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

Regular physical activity has been reported to reduce the risks of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, certain types of cancer, and obesity [1,2,3,4]. Furthermore, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the American Heart Association jointly recommend engaging in moderate-intensity aerobic activity for more than 30 min a day on more than 5 days per week, or vigorous-intensity activity for more than 20 min a day on more than 3 days per week, to promote and maintain health and fitness [5]. Physical activity guidelines for the prescription of aerobic exercise involve the deliberate adjustment of training variables, encompassing training frequency, intensity, duration, and modality, in alignment with the individual’s age, baseline fitness level, and pertinent clinical considerations [6, 7]. ACSM defined the three main components of energy expended during exercise: frequency, duration, and intensity [8]. While the frequency and duration of physical activity are assumed to be valid in both epidemiological and clinical contexts, the process of determining and quantifying the intensity of physical activities remains somewhat ambiguous [9,10,11]. As there are dose-response relationships between physical activity and health [5, 7], achieving optimal health benefits might necessitate enhanced precision in estimating and engaging in physical activity.

Many tools and methods are available for estimating the level of exercise intensity using talk ability, heart rate, perceived effort, oxygen uptake (VO2), and motion sensor [12]. One of the frequently utilized methods is the ACSM guideline, which involves the utilization of heart rate reserve (HRR) and oxygen uptake reserve [8]. ACSM guidelines provide a specific range of HRR and %VO2reserve While this approach proves effective in estimating the desired exercise intensity, these methodologies necessitate intricate protocols, considerable time investment, and skilled personnel. An alternative method of gauging exercise intensity involves evaluating speech capacity to exertion, commonly referred to as the Talk Test [13]. This method is believed to offer an estimation of the ventilatory threshold during exercise, characterized by its simplicity, practicality, and validity [13,14,15]. However, a previous study reported that the Talk Test revealed weak inter-tester reliability with cardiac patients [16].

Scruggs, et al. proposed a step rate (SR) to estimate the exercise intensity during walking. The SR is defined as step frequency/min and is relatively simple, easy to follow, and accurate to count [17,18,19]. Several previous studies reported that SR provides useful information for predicting moderate walking intensity. Previous studies determined the exercise intensity that 100 steps/min matches a minimum level of moderate walking intensity, reaching 3 metabolic equivalents (METs) [18,19,20,21,22]. However, their experimental trials were conducted in well-controlled laboratory setting with a treadmill. It would be more reasonable to determine the walking intensity during ground walking for practical application [23, 24].

Therefore, the purposes of this study were (1) to examine the walking intensity during free walking for young healthy men and (2) to identify the minimum SR required to achieve a moderate walking intensity, as determined by relative VO2. It was hypothesized that walking at an approximate pace of 100 steps/min corresponds to a moderate level of physical activity intensity.

Methods

Participants

A total of 23 healthy young men (mean ± standard deviation; age 25.3 ± 1.8 years; height 175 ± 5.5 cm, weight 75.7 ± 14.2 kg; BMI 21.6 ± 3.6 kg/m2 and VO2peak 41.0 ± 6.3 ml/kg/min) volunteered to participate in the current study. The sample size was determined via Gpower software (ver. 3.1.9.2) with an assumed power of 0.8 and an effect size (Cohen’s d) of 0.7. It was concluded that recruiting 20 participants would be necessary to attain statistical significance in the comparison of SR.

All participants were screened through a health history questionnaire before participation and were excluded if they reported the presence of cardiovascular and musculoskeletal disorders as well as recent injuries within the past three months. Each participant signed a written and verbal informed consent and completed the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire before participation. All subjects were free of any cardiac, metabolic, or respiratory disease, and any musculoskeletal issues prohibiting exercise. The Institutional Review Board at Kookmin University Research Ethics Committee (KMU-201,710-HR-163) approved this study.

Experimental design

The current study employed a repeated measure, within-subjects design with counterbalanced order.

Participants underwent two experimental occasions which consisted of a prescreening session and subsequent four experimental sessions, each separated by at least 7 days to ensure full recovery. During the prescreening session, their physical characteristics and fitness were assessed. At each experimental session, participants walked at one of four different step rates of free paced (FP), 100 (100SR), 120 (120SR), and 140 steps/min (140SR).

The metronome was used to establish the step rate and three minutes of rest was given between the step rates.

Experimental procedure

Before participation, participants were screened with a medical questionnaire and familiarized with the study protocol. During the prescreening session, body weight, height, and body composition were assessed using a bioimpedance method (BSM330, Inbody, Seoul, Korea). The participants rested in a seated position for 15 min for resting heart rate (HR) and VO2 were taken. Resting HR and VO2 were considered the lowest values during the resting. After resting, participants performed a VO2peak test with modified Bruce Protocol on a treadmill (T170 DE, Cosmed, Fridolfing, Germany) using an automatized spirometer (Jaeger Oxycon Mobile, Würzburg, Germany).

To determine VO2peak, the participants performed incremental running until volitional fatigue. The volitional fatigue was considered when three of the five criteria were satisfied; (1) no increase in HR as the workload increased, (2) when the respiratory exchange ratio exceeded 1.15, (3) when the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was > 17 on a scale of 6–20, (4) no increase in VO2 as the workload increased, and (5) when participant called give-up [25, 26].

On the day of the four experimental session, participants reported to the Exercise Physiology Laboratory at Kookmin University. The participants were equipped with an HR monitor (M400, Polar, Oulu, Finland), two pedometers (HJ-720ITC, Omron, Tokyo, Japan) on the right and left waist, and a mask connected to a gas analyzer. The gas analyzer was calibrated each time before the first walk. During the first walking, the participants were free to choose a speed and cadence at which they felt was a moderate intensity for 6 min.

HR and VO2 were monitored continuously and an average of the final 2 min was considered the steady state HR and VO2. A steady state HR was also considered when the variation in HR was < 5 bpm during the period. Metabolic equivalents (METs) was calculated during walking and individual resting VO2 was considered 1MET [27]. The moderate intensity in METs was defined as 3.0 ~ 5.9METs and relative exercise intensity in %VO2reserve was defined as 40 ~ 59 [8].

The total number of steps was determined by the average of the two pedometers, and the total walking distance (WD) was measured. SR in steps/min, step length (SL) in meters, and walking speed (WS) in km/h were calculated for 6 min. Once the first trial was completed, the participants rested for 3 min and then started another trial. The procedure and measurements were identical to the first trial, except for RPE. The subjective measurement of exertion was recorded using the Borg perceived Exertion Scale of 6–20 [25].

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 22.0 (IBM-SPSS, Somers, NY, USA). Using SPSS 22.0, a one-way analysis of variance was performed to compare the walking intensity by SR. Scheffe’s post-hoc test was employed to determine if there were significant differences at each SR. A predictive equation was developed by linear regression to identify a cut-off point for moderate exercise intensity across all step rates. For all analyses, significance was set at an alpha level of ≤ 0.05 and all data are expressed as means ± standard deviations.

Results

Walking characteristics

The SR, METs, and %VO2reserve are shown in Fig. 1. The average SR were 117.0 ± 9.3, 100.9 ± 98.4, 119.7 ± 1.1, and 138.0 ± 3.9 steps/min in the FP, SR100, SR120, and SR140, respectively (Fig. 1A). The measured METs were significantly lower in SR100 (3.9 ± 0.6) compared to FP (4.7 ± 0.8), SR120 (5.0 ± 0.9), and SR140 (6.6 ± 1.1) (all p ≤ 0.05) (Fig. 1B). At an average METs, SR100 and SR120 were categorized as moderate intensity (3 ~ < 6METs), while SR140 was classified as high intensity (≥ 6METs). The %VO2reserve was significantly lower in SR100 (24.1 ± 6.0) compared to FP (30.5 ± 8.1), SR120 (33.3 ± 8.6), and SR140 (45.2 ± 9.0) (all p ≤ 0.05) (Fig. 1C).

Fig. 1
figure 1

(A) step rates, (B) metabolic equivalents (METs), and (C) percent VO2 reserve during walking at different step rates. Values are mean ± standard deviation. FP: free-paced walking, SR100: step rate at 100 steps/min, SR120: step rate at 120 steps/min, SR140: step rate at 140 steps/min. The dotted horizontal line in Figure (B) indicates defined moderate intensity (≥ 3METs). * Denote a significant difference between step rates (p ≤ 0.05)

Full size image
Fig. 2
figure 2

(A) walking distance, (B) step length, and (C) walking speed at different step rates. Values are mean ± standard deviation. FP: free-paced walking, SR100: step rate at 100 steps/min, SR120: step rate at 120 steps/min, SR140: step rate at 140 steps/min. * Denote a significant difference between step rates (p ≤ 0.05)

Full size image

The WD was significantly lower in SR100 (441 ± 55 m) compared to FP (530 ± 63 m), 120SR (561 ± 58 m), and SR140 (696 ± 70 m) (all p ≤ 0.001) (Fig. 2A).

The average SL was 0.70 ± 0.06, 0.65 ± 0.05, 0.72 ± 0.05, and 0.76 ± 0.06 m in FP, SR100, SR120, and SR140, respectively. The SL in SR100 was significantly lower compared to FP, SR120, and SR140, respectively (all p ≤ 0.05) (Fig. 2B). The WS in SR100 (3.9 ± 0.3 km/h) was significantly lower compared to FP (4.9 ± 0.5 km/h), SR120 (5.2 ± 0.4 km/h), and SR140 (6.4 ± 0.5 km/h) (all p ≤ 0.001) (Fig. 2C). RPE was significantly higher in SR120 (9.4 ± 2.0) and SR140 (12.3 ± 1.9) compared with SR100 (7.4 ± 1.5) (all p ≤ 0.05), indicating that SR140 was classified as moderate intensity.

Linear regression analyses

The linear regression analysis was employed to establish a regression equation that can be utilized to determine the moderate intensity cut point for step rate. Equations 1 and 2 presents the linear regression equation between SR and exercise intensity (METs and %VO2reserve).

A simple linear regression analysis for SR indicated a significant correlation with METs (p ≤ 0.001) and %VO2reserve (p ≤ 0.001). The results of the linear regression indicated that 88.2 steps/min and 140 steps/min elicited 3METs and 45.2% of VO2reserve, respectively.

$$METs\, = \, - \,3.188591\, + \,\left( {0.0701456\, \times \,SR} \right)$$
(1)
$$\% V{O_2}R\, = \, - 32.33999\, + \,\left( {0.5615589\, \times \,SR} \right)$$
(2)

Discussion

This current study determined SR representing a moderate exercise intensity during walking on a flat surface in the healthy population. It was hypothesized that SR at 100 steps/min would correspond to moderate exercise intensity. The main findings of the current study were (1) the previously suggested SR of 100 steps/min was found to be lower than the FP walking in this study, (2) linear regression revealed a slightly lower cut-off point of 88.2 steps/min for moderate intensity (3METs), while the minimum threshold for moderate intensity based on %VO2reserve was determined to be 128.9 steps/min.

Previous research has shown that SR serves as a readily accessible metric for assessing ambulatory behavior. To elucidate further, when the duration of walking and the total number of steps taken are established, it becomes feasible to compute the intensity of physical activity [11, 21, 28]. Furthermore, previous studies indicated that walking at 100 steps/min corresponds to moderate intensity [19, 29]. However, our results indicated a SR cut point was 88.2 steps/min for moderate intensity. This SR is somewhat lower than previous findings [19, 29]. One plausible explanation for the observed discrepancy could be linked to the comparatively lower direct measurement of resting metabolic rate in the present study, which was recorded at 3.1 ml/kg/min instead of the expected 3.5 ml/kg/min. This lower resting metabolic rate measurement may have led to an underestimation of exercise intensity. Additionally, variations in physical characteristics such as height, weight, and fitness levels among participants may have contributed to this difference. It is important to note, SR100 was equivalent to 3.9METs which falls within the range of moderate intensity (3 ~ 6METs). However, other parameters such as WS, RPE, and %VO2reserve indicated lower intensity. Indeed, the WS of 100SR elicited 3.9 km/h, which was lower than the recommended moderate intensity [30].

The average SR of the participants during FP in this study was 117.1 ± 9.3 steps/min. This is similar to the results of previous findings [31], where 70 young adult participants, consisting of 34 males and 36 females, walked at their self-selected normal walking pace for 5 min, resulting in cadences of 114.2 ± 4.3 steps/min for males and 116.3 ± 4.7 steps/min for females. These findings are also in line with a previous study by Kim and Kim [32], who reported an average cadence of 112.67 ± 5.2 steps/min when 15 young adult males walked at their self-selected moderate walking intensity [32].

The recommended SR of 100 steps/min for moderate-intensity walking appears to be lower than the SR observed during free walking in this study. These findings emphasize the need for thoughtful consideration when determining walking intensity based on SR. For example, suggesting a SR of 100 steps/minute for someone accustomed to walking at 115 steps/minute would recommend a lower intensity than their usual walking pace.

As seen in the results of this study, the SR during FP and at SR120 showed no statistically significant difference (117.1 ± 9.3 vs. 119.7 ± 1.1 steps/min), and there was no significant difference in stride length either (0.70 ± 0.06 vs. 0.72 ± 0.05 m). When SR and SL are equal, the distance is covered in the same amount of time, resulting in similar walking speeds. There was no significant difference in WS between the two conditions in this study (4.9 ± 0.5 vs. 5.2 ± 0.4 km/h).

Relative intensity is valuable for establishing appropriate activity levels for individuals as they evaluate activity intensity with an individual’s maximum capacity. Oxygen uptake is considered the gold standard for accurately measuring energy metabolism during physical activities [33]. When applying a minimum VO2reserve threshold of 40% as indicative of moderate exercise intensity, the study results reveal that the following conditions did not meet the criteria for moderate intensity: FP (30.5 ± 8.1%), SR100 (24.1 ± 6.0%), and SR120 (33.3 ± 8.6%). However, when walking at an SR140, the criterion for moderate intensity was met (45.2 ± 9.0%). ACSM [8] suggested that a VO2reserve of 40% is the lowest bound of moderate intensity [8]. Furthermore, findings by Serrano et al. indicate that a mean walking cadence of 115 ± 10 steps/min is necessary to attain a VO2reserve of 40% [34]. This observation suggests that external measures of exercise intensity, such as accelerometry, may underestimate the requisite walking cadence to reach moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels [35].

Limitations

This study has several limitations that warrant consideration for generalization and interpretation. Firstly, the use of a limited sample consisting of young, healthy, physically active men may restrict the applicability of the findings to broader populations. To enhance external validity, future research should encompass larger and more diverse groups, including older adults and women.

Furthermore, it’s crucial to note that five participants experienced less than 40% of their maximal aerobic capacity even at a cadence of 140 steps/min during walking. This observation implies that while fast walking could be advantageous for the elderly, sedentary individuals, and those with obesity, it may not pose a sufficient challenge for young, healthy adults [36]. Consequently, jogging or running might be more suitable for achieving moderate-intensity exercise in this population.

Additionally, the study underscores the importance of considering body weight and height when adopting a specific step rate. A prior study by Marchall et al. estimated SRs to elicit 3METs, revealing differences for normal, overweight, and obese participants with values of 127, 94, and 103 steps/min, respectively [29]. Given that overweight and obese participants often exhibit lower fitness levels [37, 38], achieving a fast cadence among this group may present challenges. In our study, two participants with a BMI over 25 kg/m² struggled to maintain a pace of 140 steps per minute and could only reach the 130 steps/min threshold. Consequently, there is a need for investigations in larger and more diverse populations to comprehensively explore exercise intensity and its implications, ensuring a more inclusive understanding across a broader range of population.

Strengths of this study are worth noting. First, this study design allowed for the comparison of four different step rates. Second, the present study was measured in field settings, which provide practical implications to identify the step rate cut points for exercise prescription.

In conclusion, this study reveals that for healthy young men, a moderate walking intensity corresponds to a cadence of 128.9 steps/min when employing the oxygen uptake reserve calculation. The findings also demonstrated that establishing a single universal criterion for practical public guidelines is not feasible, given the variations in fitness levels among individuals.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. Gibbs BB, Hivert MF, Jerome GJ, Kraus WE, Rosenkranz SK, Schorr EN, Spartano NL, Lobelo F, Lifestyle AHAC, Nursing CCS, et al. Physical activity as a critical component of First-Line treatment for elevated blood pressure or cholesterol: who, what, and how? A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2021;78(2):E26–E37.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kesaniemi YK, Danforth E Jr., Jensen MD, Kopelman PG, Lefebvre P, Reeder BA. Dose-response issues concerning physical activity and health: an evidence-based symposium. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001, 33(6 Suppl):S351-358.

  3. Wendel-Vos GC, Schuit AJ, Feskens EJ, Boshuizen HC, Verschuren WM, Saris WH, Kromhout D. Physical activity and stroke. A meta-analysis of observational data. Int J Epidemiol. 2004;33(4):787–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Weuve J, Kang JH, Manson JE, Breteler MM, Ware JH, Grodstein F. Physical activity, including walking, and cognitive function in older women. JAMA. 2004;292(12):1454–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, Macera CA, Heath GW, Thompson PD, Bauman A. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(8):1423–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Fletcher GF, Ades PA, Kligfield P, Arena R, Balady GJ, Bittner VA, Coke LA, Fleg JL, Forman DE, Gerber TC, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;128(8):873–934.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM, Nieman DC, Swain DP. American College of Sports M: American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(7):1334–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. Wolters Kluwer; 2018.

  9. Bouchard DR, Langlois MF, Boisvert-Vigneault K, Farand P, Paulin M, Baillargeon JP. Pilot study: can older inactive adults learn how to reach the required intensity of physical activity guideline? Clin Interv Aging. 2013;8:501–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Parise C, Sternfeld B, Samuels S, Tager IB. Brisk walking speed in older adults who walk for exercise. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(3):411–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Tudor-Locke C, Han H, Aguiar EJ, Barreira TV, Schuna JM Jr., Kang M, Rowe DA. How fast is fast enough? Walking cadence (steps/min) as a practical estimate of intensity in adults: a narrative review. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(12):776–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Schantz P, Olsson KSE, Salier Eriksson J, Rosdahl H. Perspectives on exercise intensity, volume, step characteristics and health outcomes in walking for transport. Front Public Health. 2022;10:911863.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Persinger R, Foster C, Gibson M, Fater DC, Porcari JP. Consistency of the talk test for exercise prescription. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(9):1632–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Reed JL, Pipe AL. The talk test: a useful tool for prescribing and monitoring exercise intensity. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2014;29(5):475–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bok D, Rakovac M, Foster C. An examination and critique of subjective methods to Determine Exercise Intensity: the talk test, feeling scale, and rating of Perceived Exertion. Sports Med. 2022;52(9):2085–109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Petersen AK, Maribo T, Hjortdal VE, Laustsen S. Intertester reliability of the talk test in a cardiac rehabilitation population. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2014;34(1):49–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Scruggs PW, Beveridge SK, Eisenman PA, Watson DL, Shultz BB, Ransdell LB. Quantifying physical activity via pedometry in elementary physical education. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(6):1065–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Marshall SJ, Nicaise V, Ji M, Huerta C, Haubenstricker J, Levy SS, Ainsworth B, Elder JE. Using step cadence goals to increase moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(3):592–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Tudor-Locke C, Sisson SB, Collova T, Lee SM, Swan PD. Pedometer-determined step count guidelines for classifying walking intensity in a young ostensibly healthy population. Can J Appl Physiol. 2005;30(6):666–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Beets MW, Agiovlasitis S, Fahs CA, Ranadive SM, Fernhall B. Adjusting step count recommendations for anthropometric variations in leg length. J Sci Med Sport. 2010;13(5):509–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Wang H, Zhang YF, Xu LL, Jiang CM. Step rate-determined walking intensity and walking recommendation in Chinese young adults: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2013, 3(1).

  22. Abel M, Hannon J, Mullineaux D, Beighle A. Determination of step rate thresholds corresponding to physical activity intensity classifications in adults. J Phys Act Health. 2011;8(1):45–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Berryman N, Gayda M, Nigam A, Juneau M, Bherer L, Bosquet L. Comparison of the metabolic energy cost of overground and treadmill walking in older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(5):1613–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Morris JN, Hardman AE. Walking to health. Sports Med. 1997;23(5):306–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Borg G. Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1970;2(2):92–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Gerhart HD, Fiorentini AB, Storti KL, Alman R, Bayles MP, Pesci L, Seo Y. Psychophysiological responses in Emergency Medical Technician students during simulated work activities in a hot environment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020, 17(10).

  27. Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC, Irwin ML, Swartz AM, Strath SJ, O’Brien WL, Bassett DR Jr., Schmitz KH, Emplaincourt PO, et al. Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(9 Suppl):498–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Tudor-Locke C, Rowe DA. Using cadence to study free-living ambulatory behaviour. Sports Med. 2012;42(5):381–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Marshall SJ, Levy SS, Tudor-Locke CE, Kolkhorst FW, Wooten KM, Ji M, Macera CA, Ainsworth BE. Translating physical activity recommendations into a pedometer-based step goal 3000 steps in 30 minutes. Am J Prev Med. 2009;36(5):410–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Zheng P, Ducharme SW, Moore CC, Tudor-Locke C, Aguiar EJ. Classification of moderate-intensity overground walking speed in 21- to 85-year-old adults. J Sports Sci. 2022;40(15):1732–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Lee H. Analysis of characteristics and establish gait reference data for 20s Korean part 1: temporospatial variables and pelvic tilt. Korean J Sport Sci. 2016;27:726–45.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  32. Kim WS, Kim EY. Comparing self-selected speed walking of the elderly with self-selected slow, moderate, and fast speed walking of young adults. Ann Rehabil Med. 2014;38(1):101–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Wang Z, Zhang Q, Lan K, Yang Z, Gao X, Wu A, Xin Y, Zhang Z. Enhancing instantaneous oxygen uptake estimation by non-linear model using cardio-pulmonary physiological and motion signals. Front Physiol. 2022;13:897412.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Serrano F, Slaght J, Senechal M, Duhamel T, Bouchard DR. Identification and prediction of the walking cadence required to Reach Moderate Intensity using individually-determined relative moderate intensity in older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2017;25(2):205–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Abt G, Bray J, Myers T, Benson AC. Walking cadence required to elicit criterion moderate-intensity physical activity is moderated by fitness status. J Sports Sci. 2019;37(17):1989–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Shephard RJ. What is the optimal type of physical activity to enhance health? Br J Sports Med. 1997;31(4):277–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Wei M, Kampert JB, Barlow CE, Nichaman MZ, Gibbons LW, Paffenbarger RS Jr., Blair SN. Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men. JAMA. 1999;282(16):1547–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ortega FB, Lavie CJ, Blair SN. Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease. Circ Res. 2016;118(11):1752–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the study participants, who generously volunteered to participate in the present study.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Woo Ram Bae and Yongsuk Seo contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Woo Ram Bae, Yongsuk Seo, Somi Yun & Dae Taek Lee

Authors
  1. Woo Ram Bae
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yongsuk Seo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Somi Yun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Dae Taek Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

D.T.L., W.R.B, SY, and YS conceptualized the initial study. Project administration was carried out by W.R.B and SY. D.T.L. and YS supervised the study and managed project. D.T.L., W.R.B, SY, and YS conducted the data analysis. W.R.B and YS drafted the manuscript. All authors have reviewed and refined the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Somi Yun or Dae Taek Lee.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Kookmin University (KMU-201710-HR-163). Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The authors confirm that all methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bae, W.R., Seo, Y., Yun, S. et al. Determination of moderate walking intensity using step rate and VO2 reserve in healthy men. BMC Public Health 24, 403 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-17843-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-17843-0

Keywords

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us