Table 3 showing a summary of the key focus and aims of included campaigns and interventions
Authors | Country | Key aims |
|---|---|---|
Bruyndonckx et al. 2020 | Belgium | Utilised mass media to disseminate information regarding the natural course of self-limiting infections, appropriate antibiotic usage and the consequence of AMR. |
Fuertes et al. 2010 | Canada | Annual media campaigns aimed at reducing the number of unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions by educating the public and health care professionals on the appropriate use of antibiotics, primarily focusing on acute upper respiratory tract infections. Key messages included “Wash your hands”, “Antibiotics work against bacteria, not viruses” and “Use antibiotics wisely because bacteria can become resistant to them”. |
McKay et al. 2011 | Canada | |
Kandeel et al. 2019 | Egypt | Educational campaign to raise the awareness of physicians, pharmacists, and the general public in the district regarding the importance of rational antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections. |
McNulty et al. 2010 | England | Use of promotional materials in general practice surgeries and pharmacies to disseminate a key message on self-limiting infections. “The best way to treat most colds, coughs or sore throats is plenty of fluids and rest. For advice talk to your pharmacist or doctor”. |
ESPAUR | England | Mass media campaign aimed at improving public awareness, understanding and knowledge of AMR. Also looked to reduced patient demand for antibiotics and improve GP confidence in their prescribing decisions. |
Borgonha. 2019 | England | |
Filippini et al. 2012 | Europe | NA |
Dunais et al. 2011 | France | Mass media campaign was designed to educate caregivers and the public that antibiotics are not always necessary and to describe the appropriate use of antibiotics, with a special focus on respiratory tract infections. The campaign also sought to indirectly decrease antibiotic use by improving vaccine coverage against bacterial diseases. |
Dommergues & Hentgen, 2011 | France | |
Chahwakilian et al. 2011 | France | |
Carlet et al. 2020 | France | |
Bernier et al., 2014 | France | |
Plachouras et al. 2014 | Greece | Focus on improving understanding of infectious disease and appropriate antibiotic usage in parents of nursey and primary school aged children. |
Mei Lin Ho et al. 2014 | Hong Kong | Community-wide publicity campaign to promote safe use of antibiotics focused on the key message that “Antibiotics do not help in cold and flu”. |
Adriaenssens et al. 2011 | Belgium | Educational resources which aims to reduce the spread of infection and use of antimicrobials in young people and the community, so helping to control AMR. |
Herotova et al., 2011 | Czech Republic | |
Hayes et al. 2020 | International | |
Khoshgoftar et al. 2021 | Iran | Public and HCP campaign to describe antibiotic prescribing practices for respiratory tract infections. |
Maor et al. 2011 | Israel | Multi-faceted intervention aimed at promoting appropriate antibiotic use. Use of education intervention to promote the notion of parents as partners in the fight against antibiotic resistant bacteria and reduce parental expectation for an antibiotic prescription for their child. |
Formoso et al. 2013 | Italy | Mass media campaign focused on the use of antibiotics in upper respiratory tract infections and highlighted that antibiotics are necessary in specific circumstances, do not work in case of influenza or colds, and should be used when doctors prescribe. |
Shehadeh et al. 2016 | Jordan | Pharmacist-initiated educational intervention on participants’ knowledge regarding appropriate and safe antibiotic use, resistance among adults in Jordan, the enhancement of safer antibiotic use and reduction of self-medication. |
Al-Mousa & Aly, 2011 | Kuwait | Campaign mission was to promote appropriate antibiotic use in healthcare settings through awareness, education, and adoption of best practices. Utilised promotional materials such as leaflets to disseminate information on proper methods for use and the self-limiting nature of colds and flu. |
Ngadimon et al., 2016 | Malaysia | Educational programme aimed at improving knowledge regarding what antibiotics are, why antibiotics are needed, how to use antibiotics correctly, and how resistance to antibiotics occurs in secondary school students. |
Thong et al. 2021 | Malaysia | Use of a targeted educational intervention to promote messages on proper antibiotic use, causes of antibiotic resistance, and the responsibilities of the public to stem resistance. |
van Rijn et al. 2019 | Netherlands | Use of an educational video on the threat of antimicrobial resistance to increase general awareness and determine if uptake of information differs between public campaign target audiences. |
Mazinska et al. 2017 | Poland | Educational action aimed at the general public. |
Zowawi et al., 2015 | Saudi Arabia | Use of superbug hashtag on social media to deliver short messages and link to articles and educational videos related to antimicrobial resistance and the importance of antibiotics. |
Barchitta et al., 2020 | Sicily | Website-based campaign aimed to increase awareness and promote engagement in order and to change behaviour towards the rising threat of AMR in four main categories of target audience: (i) the general public (e.g., adults, parents, and students); (ii) primary care prescribers (i.e., general practitioners and paediatricians); (iii) pharmacists; and (iv) professionals in hospitals and other healthcare settings. |
Furst et al. 2015 | Slovenia | Multi-faceted campaign, public element provided promotional materials to provide information on responsible use of antibiotics and the management of self-limiting infections, especially in children. |
Munoz et al. 2014 | Spain | Community pharmacy-based intervention aiming to improve antibiotic adherence and patient-reported resolution of symptoms. |
Phueanpinit et al. 2022 | Thailand | Aimed to educate the public in appropriate antibiotic use for upper respiratory tract infections. |
Kesten et al. 2017 | UK | Website-based campaign aimed to increase commitment to reducing antimicrobial resistance, change behaviour and increase knowledge through an online pledge system for healthcare professionals and members of the public to become Antibiotic Guardians. Originally launched in the UK it has become a global cmapaign. |
Chaintarli et al. 2016 | UK | |
Bhattacharya et al. 2017 | UK | |
Newitt et al. 2018 | UK | |
Newitt et al. 2019 | UK | |
Lawrence and Ferguson 2019 | UK | Assessing impact of messaging on non-antimicrobial means to treat RTIs (e.g. paracetamol, fluids, rest), the ineffectiveness of antibiotics in the treatment of RTIs (colds and flu), antibiotic side effects (including diarrhoea, thrush), and the link between the over-use of antibiotics and AMR. |
Allison et al., 2016 | UK | Promote knowledge about antibiotic resistance development and good stewardship principles amongst the general population through pharmacy student-led public engagement workshops in high schools. |
Redding and Cole, 2019 | USA | Use of posters to promote antimicrobial stewardship messages related to upper respiratory tract infections in cats and dogs. |
Morgan et al., 2021 | USA | Use of a behaviourally enhanced quality improvement intervention to reduce the number of antibiotic prescriptions written for antibiotic nonresponsive acute respiratory infections. |