Table 2 showing a summary of included campaigns and interventions
Intervention/ Campaign | Authors | Country | Campaign Year and Duration | Study Design | Campaign Focus | Specific Disease | Campaign Type | Communication Methods | Outcome Measures | Effective |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flemish National Campaign | Bruyndonckx et al. 2020 | Belgium | 2000-2, 2004-7, 2008-13, 2014-19 | Longitudinal | Public | RTI | National | Mass media | Change in public awareness Outpatient antibiotic use Antibiotic cost AMR in specific organisms | Yes |
e-Bug | Adriaenssens et al. 2011 | Belgium | 2006, ongoing | Protocol | Public (children) | NA | International | School curriculum | NA | NA |
e-Bug | Herotova et al., 2011 | Czech Republic | 2006, ongoing | Protocol | Public (children) | NA | International | School curriculum | NA | NA |
e-Bug | Hayes et al. 2020 | International | 2006, ongoing | Protocol | Public (children) | NA | International | School curriculum | How e-bug is promoted, barriers faced by partners | NA |
Do Bugs Need Drugs community education programme. | Fuertes et al. 2010 | Canada | 2005, autumn | Longitudinal | Public | RTI | National | Mass media | Antibiotic consumption rate (DID) | Yes |
Do Bugs Need Drugs community education programme. | McKay et al. 2011 | Canada | 2005, autumn | Longitudinal | Public | RTI | National | Mass media | Change in knowledge and attitudes. HCP knowledge of resistance trends Antibiotic consumption (DDD) | No |
Pilot campaign | Kandeel et al. 2019 | Egypt | 2011, five months | Pilot | Public and HCP | RTI | Community | Social media Site-based resources | Change in knowledge and attitudes Antibiotic prescribing practices | Yes |
Public AB campaign | McNulty et al. 2010 | England | 2008, one month | Longitudinal | Public | RTI | National | Mass media | Change in knowledge, attitudes and behaviour. Effect of delayed antibiotic prescribing | No |
Keep Antibiotics Working | UKHSA, 2021 | England | 2017, three years | Longitudinal | Public | RTI | National | Mass media | Campaign recognition Change in knowledge, attitude and reported behaviour Impact on GP’s | Partially |
Borgonha 2019 | England | 2017, three years | Mixed-methods | Audience perception of messaging | No | |||||
European campaigns and policy change | Filippini et al. 2012 | Europe | NA | Pooled analysis | Public and HCP | NA | National | NA | Antibiotic consumption rate (DID) | Yes |
French national mass media campaign with local component | Dunais et al. 2011 | France | 2001-5, 2007-10, 2011-16 | Cross-sectional | Public and HCP | RTI | National with local component | HCP education Mass media | Antibiotic prescription data obtained from child health book | Yes |
French mass media campaign | Dommergues & Hentgen, 2011 | France | 2001-5, 2007-10, 2011-16 | Cross-sectional | Public | RTI | National | Mass media | Annual antibiotic prescriptions Annual number of consultations | Yes |
French mass media campaign | Chahwakilian et al. 2011 | France | 2001-5, 2007-10, 2011-16 | Cross-sectional | Public | RTI | National | Mass media | Antibiotic prescription rates per 1000 inhabitants per year | Yes |
French mass media campaign | Carlet et al. 2020 | France | 2001-5, 2007-10, 2011-16 | Cross-sectional | Public | RTI | National | Mass media | Antibiotic consumption in the community Prevalence of resistant infections | Yes |
French mass media campaign | Bernier et al., 2014 | France | 2001-5, 2007-10, 2011-16 | Longitudinal | Public | RTI | National | Mass media | Weekly rates of antibiotic prescriptions per 1,000 inhabitants. | Yes |
Public education campaign and HCP education | Plachouras et al. 2014 | Greece | 2009, two months | Quasi-experimental | Public and HCP | Common community infections | Community | Site-based resources HCP interaction | Antibiotic consumption rate (DID) | No |
Publicity campaign | Mei Lin Ho et al. 2014 | Hong Kong | 2011, two months | Longitudinal | Mainly public, some HCP education | RTI | National | Mass media | Change in knowledge and attitudes | Yes |
Educational campaign | Khoshgoftar et al. 2021 | Iran | 2019, one week | Quasi-experimental | Public | RTI | Community | Site-based resources | Change in knowledge, attitudes and self-reported antibiotic consumption | No |
Intervention in clinics in Israel | Maor et al. 2011 | Israel | 2002, two months | Longitudinal | Public (parents) | None | Community | Site-based resources HCP interaction | Change in knowledge and attitude | Yes |
Regional campaign | Formoso et al. 2013 | Italy | 2011, four months | Experimental | Public | RTI | Community | Mass media | Average prescribing rate (DID) Expenditure on outpatient Abs Change in knowledge, attitude and reported behaviour | Yes |
Local education programme | Shehadeh et al. 2016 | Jordan | 2012, four months | Longitudinal | Public | None specified | Local | HCP interaction | Change in knowledge | Yes |
National Campaing - “Wise use or lose” | Al-Mousa & Aly, 2011 | Kuwait | 2009, one week | Protocol | Public and HCP | RTI | National | Site-based resources HCP interaction | NA | NA |
School-based education programme | Ngadimon et al., 2016 | Malaysia | Not specified | Cross-sectional | Public (children) | None | National | School curriculum | Change in knowledge and attitudes | Yes |
Intervention Tool | Thong et al. 2021 | Malaysia | Not specified | Longitudinal | Public (parents) | None | Community | HCP interaction | Change in knowledge | Yes |
Educational video | van Rijn et al. 2019 | Holland | Not specified | Quasi-experimental | Public | None | Community | Educational video | Change in knowledge | No |
EAAD campaigns | Mazinska et al. 2017 | Poland | 2009, run annually | Cross-sectional | Public and HCP | RTI | International | Mass media | Knowledge and attitudes | Yes |
Social Media campaign | Zowawi et al., 2015 | Saudi Arabia | 2013, five months | Pilot | Public and HCP | No | National | Social media | Campaign engagement | NA |
Educational campaign “Obiettivo Antibiotico” | Barchitta et al., 2020 | Sicily | 2018, ongoing | Cross-sectional | Public and HCP | None specified | National | Website-based | Campaign engagement | NA |
Education flyers | Furst et al. 2015 | Slovenia | 1995, ongoing | Quasi-experimental | Mainly HCP with some public focus | RTI | National | HCP education Educational materials | Antibiotic utilisation (DID) Antibiotic resistance | Yes |
Community-pharmacy intervention | Munoz et al. 2014 | Spain | Not specified | Experimental | Public (patient) | None | Local | HCP interaction | Adherence to treatment | Partially |
AB Smart Use Programme | Phueanpinit et al. 2022 | Thailand | 2007, ongoing | Cross-sectional | Public and HCP | RTI | National | Mass media | Campaign recognition Perceived benefit | NA |
Antibiotic Guardian | Kesten et al. 2017 | UK | 2014, ongoing | Qualitative | Public and HCP | None | International | Website-based | Campaign engagement Behaviour change | No |
Antibiotic Guardian | Chaintarli et al. 2016 | UK | 2014, ongoing | Cross-sectional | Public and HCP | None | International | Website-based | Behaviour change | No |
Antibiotic Guardian | Bhattacharya et al. 2017 | UK | 2014, ongoing | Process evaluation | Public and HCP | None | International | Website-based | Campaign engagement | NA |
Antibiotic Guardian | Newitt et al. 2018 | UK | 2014, ongoing | Cross-sectional | Public and HCP | None | International | Website-based | Campaign engagement AMR knowledge | Yes |
Antibiotic Guardian | Newitt et al. 2019 | UK | 2014, ongoing | Cross-sectional | Public and HCP | None | International | Website-based | Campaign engagement AMR knowledge and behaviour change | Yes |
RTI symptom severity intervention | Lawrence and Ferguson 2019 | UK | Data collection October 2015 to March 2016 | Cross-sectional | Public | RTI | Local | Site-based resources | Severity of RTI symptoms | No |
University workshops | Allison et al., 2016 | UK | Not specified | Cross-sectional | Public (students) | None | Local | Site-based resources | Perception about AMR percentage of attendees who became Antibiotic Guardians | No |
Intervention in Pet owners | Redding and Cole, 2019 | USA | Not specified | Cross-sectional | Public | None | Local | Site-based resources | Change in knowledge | No |
Educational sessions | Morgan et al., 2021 | USA | 2018, one year | Quasi-experimental | Mainly HCP, some public (patient) education | None specified | Community | HCP education Site-based resources | Number of antibiotic prescriptions written for antibiotic nonresponsive RTI | Yes |