Skip to main content
Download PDF

Is health literacy of adolescent athletes’ parents whose children belonged to sports clubs related to their children’s intention to receive medications, vaccines, supplements, and energy drinks? A cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health volume 24, Article number: 257 (2024) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Adolescent athletes’ values ​regarding health behaviors, including their attitudes toward doping, are largely derived from those of their parents. Therefore, clarifying the factors that affect parents’ intentions regarding their children’s medicine intake and nutrition can help elucidate the process of forming values ​​of healthy behaviors in young athletes.

Methods

Between March 8 and March 9, 2021, an online questionnaire survey was conducted via an Internet research company; data from 2,000 residents in Japan were collected. Participants were male and female residents aged 30–59 years with children in elementary or high school and belonging to sports clubs. The survey items included respondent’s and child’s basic information, respondent’s health literacy, and level of sports in which the respondent and child were (or are) engaged. Respondents were also asked if they would like their children to receive prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, herbal medicines, vaccines, supplements, or energy drinks. Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between respondents’ basic information and health literacy and their intention to receive prescription and over-the-counter drugs, herbal medicines, vaccines, supplements, and energy drinks.

Results

Higher parental health literacy was associated with higher children’s willingness to receive prescription drugs (odds ratio [OR] = 1.025, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.016–1.035), over-the-counter drugs (OR = 1.012, 95% CI: 1.003–1.021), prescription herbal medicines (OR = 1.021, 95% CI: 1.021–1.030), over-the-counter herbal medicines (OR = 1.012, 95% CI: 1.003–1.021), and vaccines (OR = 1.025, 95% CI: 1.016–1.035). Conversely, the children’s intention to receive energy drinks (OR = 0.990, 95% CI: 0.980–1.000) decreased significantly. As the child’s athletic level increased, parents’ willingness for their children to receive oral prescription medicines decreased (OR = 0.886, 95% CI: 0.791–0.992) and that to receive supplements (OR = 1.492, 95% CI: 1.330–1.673) and energy drinks significantly increased (OR = 1.480, 95% CI: 1.307–1.676).

Conclusion

Health literacy of adolescent athletes’ parents is associated with their children’s willingness to receive medicines. Healthcare providers should counsel parents of adolescent athletes to allow their children to receive necessary drug treatments and prevent doping violations caused by supplement intake.

Peer Review reports

Background

In Japan, 65.2% of junior high-school students belong to sports clubs [1]. For these individuals, the time spent in sports clubs often occupies a large part of their daily lives. Motivations for adolescents joining sports clubs vary, with some seeking health benefits while others aspire professional athleticism. The participation of family members sports activities also plays a significant role in influencing children’s health attitudes and behaviors. For example, parents who are or have professionally engaged in sports may compel their children to participate at a level that is detrimental to their well-being [2]. Even in youth sports, when the level of competition increases, it is necessary to pay attention to athlete-specific health problems, such as participation in competitions subject to doping inspections. For example, past anti-doping rule violations have been reported not only for drugs but also for supplements; therefore, caution is required when consuming these drugs [3, 4]. Previous research suggests that adolescent athletes exhibit unique health behaviors. Some athletes refrain from excessive medicine intake or visiting hospitals because of the fear of violating the anti-doping rule, whereas others casually consume supplements and energy drinks [5,6,7].

Parents are responsible not only for their own lives and health but also for the health and welfare of their children. Children depend on their parents to prevent and manage their own health problems, and when parents lack knowledge and skills, their children’s health can be adversely affected [8, 9]. For example, previous research has shown that low parental health literacy has been associated with health problems in children, including obesity and poor oral health [10,11,12]. Thus, parents play an important role in maintaining their children’s health, and it is expected that their knowledge and awareness of their children’s health will have a significant impact on their children’s nutritional intake and how they deal with illness and injury. However, there is limited evidence that parental factors are involved in children’s willingness to take medicines and supplements.

For young athletes, the values that determine health behaviors, including doping behavior, are largely derived from those of their parents [13, 14]. Therefore, clarifying the factors that affect parents’ intentions regarding medicines, vaccines, supplements, and energy drink intake for their children would provide important information for elucidating the process by which adolescent athletes’ health values are formed. Therefore, in this study, we focused on factors that influence parental preferences regarding the intake of foods and medications related to the health of adolescent athletes.

We conducted a questionnaire survey for the parents of adolescent athletes who belonged to sports clubs and exercised daily and clarified the factors related to their willingness to receive medicines, vaccines, supplements, and nutritional drinks for their children.

Methods

Survey

A cross-sectional anonymous online questionnaire survey was conducted between March 8, 2021, and March 9, 2021. A questionnaire was distributed to males and females aged 30–59 years (approximately 198,218 people) residing in Japan who were registered with an Internet research company (Cross Marketing Co., Ltd.) and met the selection criteria (parents of elementary-school to high-school students who belonged to athletic clubs). The research firm in this study utilizes an unbiased panel of individuals representing various demographics, including age, sex, place of residence, marital status, occupation, and parental status [15]. Data from a total of 2,000 participants were collected by first-come, first-served in this study and evenly divided by sex and age. Response receipt was closed when the target number of respondents for each sex and age group was reached.

Contents of the questionnaire

The survey items included basic information regarding respondent characteristics (sex, age, educational background, marital status, and number of children), level of sports activities (no competition, municipal-level, prefectural-level, and national-level competition), engagement to sports (previously or currently), and information regarding their children (sex, age, and level of sports). Respondents were asked to report on their most competitive child if they had multiple children.

The respondents’ intentions to receive prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, herbal medicines, vaccines, supplements, and nutritional drinks for their children were investigated using a 4-grade scale; (1) not wanting to receive at all, (2) not wanting to receive much, (3) want to receive, and (4) actively want to receive. Items related to the health literacy of the respondents were implemented in 16 items with reference to the Japanese version of the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU)-Q47 [16, 17]. Each item was measured in five stages: 0. do not know, (1) very difficult, (2) somewhat difficult, (3) somewhat easy, and (4) very easy. The health literacy score was calculated using the following formula after treating “0. do not know/does not apply” on a 5-point scale as a missing value. To compare our findings with those of previous studies, we calculated the health literacy score based on the following formula, resulting in a final score ranging from 0 to 50 points. Health Literacy Score Criteria were divided into four levels: “poor” (0–25), “problematic” (> 25–33), “adequate” (> 33–42), and “excellent” (> 42–50).

Further, the Cronbach’s α coefficient was calculated to be 0.947, indicating the reliability of the self-report-based survey.

Health Literacy Score = (Average– 1) x (50/3) [17].

Sample size

The G*Power software, version 3.1.9.7 (Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany) was utilized to determine the power of the sample size by logistic regression [18, 19]. Given the significance level set with Odds ratio = 1.3, Pr(Y = 1|X = 1) H0 = 0.2, α = 0.01, β = 0.95, R2 other X = 0 and X distribution = Normal, the required sample size should be at least 1,443 individuals.

Analysis

A t-test and one-way analysis of variance were performed to determine the relationship between the respondents’ basic information and health literacy.

The respondents’ health literacy data were not normally distributed. Therefore, in this study, we used logistic regression, which is not related to normal distribution. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between respondents’ basic information and health literacy and their intention to receive medicines, supplements, etc. for their children, and the odds ratio (OR) was calculated. The variables of the binomial logistic regression analysis were the respondents’ and children’s basic information and health literacy scores as independent variables, and the respondents’ willingness to receive medicines, vaccines, supplements, and energy drinks for children as dependent variables. Statistical software SPSS Statistics 27 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the analyses. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results

Responses were obtained from 2,000 participants. Table 1 shows the basic information such as sex, age, educational background, marital status, and athletic level of the respondents, as well as children’s sex, age, and athletic level. Overall, 48.5% respondents were male, and 51.5 were female with a mean age of 44.9 years (standard deviation [SD] ± 7.2). In addition, 62.9% of the respondents had graduated from a vocational school, university, or graduate school, and 63.4% of the children were male with a mean age of 12.7 years (SD 3.3). Among parents, no competition experience (38.2%) was most common, followed by municipal-level (30.9%), prefectural-level (23.3%), and national-level (7.7%) competition experiences. The children’s competition levels were in the order of municipal-level (43.5%), no (31.0%), prefectural-level (20.4%), and national-level (5.2%) competition experiences.

Table 1 Basic information about respondents and children
Full size table

Health literacy scores were calculated from the responses to the HLS-EU-Q16 questionnaire. Table 2 shows the average demographic characteristics and health literacy scores of the respondents. The average health literacy score was 25.4 (SD = 10.2). According to the health score classification, 981 (49.1%) respondents had poor health literacy, 557 (27.9%) had problematic health literacy, 346 (17.3%) had adequate health literacy, and 116 (5.8%) had excellent health literacy. The average health literacy score was 24.7 (SD 10.4) for males and 26.1 (SD 10.0) for females, which was significantly lower for males than for females (p = 0.003). Significant differences were also observed in the educational status (p = 0.028) and sports level (p = 0.002) of parents.

Table 2 Respondent demographics and health literacy score
Full size table

Table 3 shows the results of the logistic regression analysis on the relationship between parents’ health literacy and basic information and whether they want their children to receive medicines, vaccines, supplements, and energy drinks. When parents’ health literacy was high, their children’s willingness to receive prescription oral medicines (OR = 1.025, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.016–1.035), non-prescription oral medicines (OR = 1.012, 95% CI: 1.003–1.021), prescription herbal medicines (OR = 1.021, 95% CI: 1.021–1.030), non-prescription herbal medicines (OR = 1.012, 95% CI: 1.003–1.021), and vaccines (OR = 1.025, 95% CI: 1.016–1.035) increased. Conversely, their children’s willingness to receive energy drinks (OR = 0.990, 95% CI: 0.980–1.000) significantly decreased. Among parents whose children had high levels of athleticism, the willingness to receive only oral prescription medicines for their children decreased (OR = 0.886, 95% CI: 0.791–0.992) and that to receive supplements (OR = 1.492, 95% CI: 1.330–1.673) and energy drinks (OR = 1.480, 95% CI: 1.307–1.676) significantly increased.

Table 3 Logistic regression analysis of the associations between related factors and the parents’ intentions for children to receive medicines, vaccines, supplements, and energy drinks
Full size table

Discussion

This cross-sectional study focused on determining factors that influence parental preferences regarding the intake of foods and medications related to the health of adolescent athletes. It aimed to clarify whether the health literacy of parents of adolescent athletes was related to their children’s willingness to receive medicines, vaccines, supplements, and energy drinks. This study found that parental health literacy was related to their willingness to receive medicines, vaccines, and energy drinks for their children.

Health literacy of parents and willingness to have their children receive medicines, supplements, and vaccines

The average health literacy score of the respondents in this study was almost consistent with the results of previous studies conducted among non-athlete adults in Japan [16]. Similarly, the average health literacy score of females was significantly higher than that of males [16]. Sex-related disparities in health literacy differ across countries; however, no sex-associated disparities in digital health literacy were reported in a 2023 meta-analysis [20].

Parents with high health literacy were significantly more likely to have their children receive all medicines, including herbal medicines and vaccines. It has been pointed out that health literacy is related to the proper use of medicines, and not only in patients with chronic diseases, but also in the general population with high health literacy use medicines appropriately [21,22,23]. In addition, previous research has shown that parental drug literacy is related to the choice of over-the-counter drugs administered to their pre-school children and their knowledge of proper drug use [24].

Health literacy has also been reported to be associated with children’s vaccination intentions, and parents with low health literacy hesitate to get their children vaccinated [25, 26]. Health literacy helps people identify correct information and make appropriate health-related decisions [27]. Therefore, people with high health literacy may better understand the need for medicines and vaccines and make decisions more easily.

However, parents’ high health literacy resulted in a reluctance to receive nutritional drinks for their children (OR = 0.990, 95%CI: 0.980–1.000). An Australian study found that consumption of sweetened energy drinks among secondary school adolescents decreased as their nutritional education increased [28]. From this, it is expected that the improvement of health literacy through nutrition education will curb the excessive consumption of energy drinks, which has become a problem in the recent years [7, 29].

Children’s athletic levels and parents’ intentions to receive medicines and supplements for children

Parents expressed negative feelings regarding their children’s prescription medicine intake as their children’s athletic performance increased (OR = 0.886, 95%CI: 0.791–0.992). This may have been because they were aware of the doping tests. However, it is necessary to enhance the follow-up by medical staff to avoid limiting the medicine intake necessary for children. In contrast, parents were positive about their children’s intake of supplements (OR = 1.492, 95%CI: 1.330–1.673) and energy drinks (OR = 1.480, 95%CI: 1.307–1.676) when their children’s athletic levels were high. Previous studies revealed that elite athletes with high levels of competition consume many supplements [6, 30]. A survey of long-distance runners in Spain revealed that 70% of athletes take supplements for performance improvement, whereas 80% of the general population take supplements for health maintenance [31, 32]. Considering that both elite athletes and their parents are positive about the consumption of supplements, parents and children may share a positive attitude toward supplements. However, supplements may contain prohibited substances, which can lead to violations of the anti-doping rule [3, 4]. Therefore, it is necessary to raise parents’ awareness regarding the risk of unintended doping from supplements.

The sports pharmacist system in Japan promotes anti-doping activities and is responsible for children’s health education in schools [33, 34]. Such activities can help disseminate knowledge about the intake of medicines, vaccines, supplements, and energy drinks to young athletes and their parents.

Limitations of this study

One of the weaknesses of this study is that it was a cross-sectional study; therefore, causal relationships could not be determined. To overcome this limitation, future research should employ a longitudinal design. Second, because we were unable to investigate the respondents’ socioeconomic status other than educational background and marital status, we could not determine the impact of socioeconomic status, such as income and living conditions. However, the trends in health literacy observed in this study are similar to those of previous studies that considered the level of income the present study had no significant bias [16]. In addition, because we were unable to investigate the medicines, vaccines, and supplements consumed by the children, we do not know the relationship between the intention of parents and the intake of medicines and supplements by children. Further research should investigate the interplay between parental factors and children’s actual intake of medications, supplements, energy drink, and vaccines. Lastly, despite recruiting respondents equally across sex and age, this survey was conducted on a first-come, first-served basis by a panel of online survey companies. Therefore, only those who were willing to participate were included, indicating a potential bias, compared to the case for surveys with randomly selected respondents.

Conclusions

High-level parental health literacy among adolescent athletes was associated with their children having positive willingness to receive medications and vaccines, but with negative willingness to receive energy drinks. Parents whose children had a high level of athleticism were hesitant about receiving prescription medicines for their children but had positive intentions about taking supplements and energy drinks.

It is important to promote health education because health literacy helps people make appropriate choices regarding correct information and health-related decisions. Healthcare providers should provide adequate counseling to parents of adolescent athletes to reassure their children about the medications they require. In addition, based on the cases of anti-doping rule violations following consumption of supplements, it is necessary to raise awareness of the dangers of unintended doping among parents. In future, prospective study to examine for causal relationship between parental factors and children’s actual intake of medication, supplements, energy drink, and vaccines should be implemented.

Data availability

Please contact the corresponding author for inquiries regarding the survey. Due to the privacy of the data, the research team could not share the data publicly.

Abbreviations

OR:

Odds ratio

CI:

Confidence interval

SD:

Standard deviation

HLS-EU:

European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire

References

  1. Japan Sports Agency. About the current state of athletic club activities. https://www.mext.go.jp/sports/b_menu/shingi/013_index/shiryo/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2017/08/17/1386194_02.pdf Accessed 5 December 2023.

  2. Padaki AS, AhmadCS, Hodgins JL, Kovacevic D, Lynch TS, Popkin CA. Quantifying parental influence on youth athlete specialization: a survey of athletes’ parents. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017;5:2325967117729147.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Lauritzen F. Dietary supplements as a major cause of anti-doping rule violations. Front Sports Act Living. 2022;4:868228.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Kozhuharov VR, Ivanov K, Ivanova S. Dietary supplements as source of unintentional doping. BioMed Res Int. 2022;2022:8387271.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Nakajima R, Onuma N, Abe M, Kamei M. Involving pharmacists in Japanese athletes’ self-medication. J Sports Med Dop Stud. 2018;8:206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Knapik JJ, Steelman RA, Hoedebecke SS, Austin KG, Farina EK, Lieberman HR. Prevalence of dietary supplement use by athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2016;46:103–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Larson N, DeWolfe J, Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D. Adolescent consumption of sports and energy drinks: linkages to higher physical activity, unhealthy beverage patterns, cigarette smoking, and screen media use. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2014;46:181–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Johnston R, Fowler C, Wilson V, Kelly M. Opportunities for nurses to increase parental health literacy: a discussion paper. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs. 2015;38:266– 81.

  9. Morrison AK, Glick A, Yin HS. Health literacy: implications for Child Health. Pediatr Rev 2019;40:263–77.

  10. Straughan PT, Xu C. How does parents’ social support impact children’s health practice? Examining a mediating role of health knowledge. Glob Health Res Policy. 2023;8:8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Chawłowska E, Karasiewicz M, Lipiak A, Cofta M, Fechner B, Lewicka-Rabska A, et al. Exploring the relationships between children’s oral health and parents’ oral health knowledge, literacy, behaviours and adherence to recommendations: a cross-sectional survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:11288.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. de Buhr E, Tannen A. Parental health literacy and health knowledge, behaviours and outcomes in children: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:1096.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Erickson K, Backhouse SH, Carless D. Doping in sport: do parents matter? Sport Exer Perform Psychol. 2017;6:115–28.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Nakamura MS, Huelsnitz CO, Rothman AJ, Simpson JA. Associations between parents’ health and social control behaviors and their adolescent’s self-efficacy and health behaviors: insights from the family life, activity, sun, health, and eating (FLASHE) survey. Ann Behav Med. 2022;56:920–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Cross Marketing research panel. https://www.cross-m.co.jp/en/monitor/ Accessed 5 December 2023.

  16. Nakayama K, Osaka W, Togari T, Ishikawa H, Yonekura Y, Sekido A, et al. Comprehensive health literacy in Japan is lower than in Europe: a validated japanese-language assessment of health literacy. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:505.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Tiller D, Herzog B, Kluttig A, Haerting J. Health literacy in an urban elderly East-german population– results from the population-based CARLA study. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:883.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf. G*Power. https://www.psychologie.hhu.de/arbeitsgruppen/allgemeine-psychologie-und-arbeitspsychologie/gpower. Accessed 5 December 2023.

  19. Kang H. Sample size determination and power analysis using the G*Power software. J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2021;18:17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Estrela M, Semedo G, Roque F, Ferreira PL, Herdeiro MT. Sociodemographic determinants of digital health literacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2023;177:105124.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Masumoto S, Yamakawa T, Sakamoto N, Maeno T. Association between health literacy and medication comprehension; attitudes toward reporting adverse events in adults using over-the-counter medicines. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2023;16:90.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Avazeh Y, Rezaei S, Bastani P, Mehralian G. Health literacy and medication adherence in psoriasis patients: a survey in Iran. BMC Prim Care. 2022;23:113.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Muflih SM, Bashir HN, Khader YS, Karasneh RA. The impact of health literacy on self-medication: a cross-sectional outpatient study. J Public Health (Oxf). 2022;44:84–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Krajnović D, Ubavić S, Bogavac-Stanojević N. Pharmacotherapy literacy and parental practice in use of over-the-counter pediatric medicines. Med (Kaunas). 2019;55:80.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Zhang H, Chen L, Huang Z, Li D, Tao Q, Zhang F. The effects of parent’s health literacy and health beliefs on vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine. 2023;41:2120–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Dodd RH, Cvejic E, Bonner C, Pickles K, McCaffery KJ. Sydney Health Literacy Lab COVID-19 group. Willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 in Australia. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21:318–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Sørensen K, Van den Broucke S, Fullam J, Doyle G, Pelikan J, Slonska Z, et al. Health literacy and public health: a systematic review and integration of definitions and models. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Egg S, Wakolbinger M, Reisser A, Schätzer M, Wild B, Rust P. Relationship between nutrition knowledge, education and other determinants of food intake and lifestyle habits among adolescents from urban and rural secondary schools in Tyrol, Western Austria. Public Health Nutr. 2020;23:3136–47.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Kaur A, Yousuf H, Ramgobin-Marshall D, Jain R, Jain R. Energy drink consumption: a rising public health issue. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2022;23:83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Halabchi F, Shab-Bidar S, Selk-Ghaffari M. Prevalence of supplement consumption in Iranian athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Prev Med. 2021;12:32. eCollection 2021.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Arco AD, Aguirre-Betolaza AM, Malchrowicz-Mośko E, Gogojewicz A, Castañeda-Babarro A. Are supplements consumed by middle-distance runners evidence-based? A comparative study between level of competition and sex. Nutrients. 2023;15:4839.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Alhashem AM, Alghamdi RA, Alamri RS, Alzhrani WS, Alrakaf MS, Alzaid NA, et al. Prevalence, patterns, and attitude regarding dietary supplement use in Saudi Arabia: data from 2019. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:e0274412.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Kawaguchi-Suzuki M, Anderson A, Suzuki S. Reconsidering sports pharmacists and anti-doping education as the world celebrates the olympic and paralympic games. Am J Pharm Educ. 2021;85:8695.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Japan Pharmaceutical Association. Japan Annual Report of JPA. https://www.nichiyaku.or.jp/assets/uploads/about/anuual_report2022j.pdf Accessed 5 December 2023.

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

This work was supported in part by the Nihon University Chairman of the Board of Trustees Grant and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 19 K-19988.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacy Practice in Primary Care, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, 274-8555, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, Japan

    Rie Nakajima, Michihiro Komoriya & Fumiyuki Watanabe

Authors
  1. Rie Nakajima
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michihiro Komoriya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Fumiyuki Watanabe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis, and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising, or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rie Nakajima.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The survey protocol adhered to the ethical guidelines for medical and health research involving human subjects, was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and was approved by the ethical review board of Nihon University’s School of Pharmacy (approval number: 20 − 018). The survey was conducted with only those respondents who provided informed consent. Respondents were informed that they could decide whether to participate in the research or withdraw at any time at their will, and information concerning the protection of personal information was included at the beginning of the questionnaire.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary Material 1

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nakajima, R., Komoriya, M. & Watanabe, F. Is health literacy of adolescent athletes’ parents whose children belonged to sports clubs related to their children’s intention to receive medications, vaccines, supplements, and energy drinks? A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 24, 257 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-17746-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-17746-0

Keywords

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us