- Research
- Open access
- Published:
Socio-temporal contextual and community factors associated with daily exclusive ENDS use and dual use with tobacco cigarettes among adolescent vapers: an ecological momentary assessment study
BMC Public Health volume 22, Article number: 2289 (2022)
Abstract
Background
Adolescents who dual use ENDS with tobacco cigarettes are more likely to have an increased risk of developing dependence. Yet, little is understood about the factors driving dual use among adolescents. The current study sought to reveal the day-to-day socio-temporal contextual and community factors associated with adolescents’ use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), and how these factors predict dual use with tobacco cigarettes.
Methods
We collected ecological momentary assessments (EMA) from a sample of 50 adolescent past two-week vapers (ages 14–17 years old) over 14 days. Daily EMA data were collected on ENDS and tobacco cigarette use, as well as a range of contextual (i.e., motivations to vape, location of vaping, who with when vaping) and community factors (i.e., exposure to peers vaping, to adults vaping, to ENDS advertising, to ENDS warning messages). Our primary analyses were multilevel regressions, accounting for daily observations nested within individuals (N = 700 observations).
Results
Participants used ENDS exclusively on 44% of days and dual used ENDS and tobacco cigarettes on 8% of the days. Dual use days (versus exclusive ENDS use days) were associated with “vaping because tobacco use was prohibited” (OR = 34.65, p < .05). Also, dual use days (versus no use days) were associated with greater exposure to adults vaping (OR = 5.59, p < .05), peers vaping (OR = 7.48, p < .05), and (c) ENDS advertisements or promotions (OR = 2.12, p < .01), whereas exclusive use days (versus no use days) were only associated with greater exposure to peers vaping (OR = 2.58, p < .01).
Conclusions
Results showed that exposure to peers and adults vaping and exposure to ENDS marketing were associated with same day dual use behaviors. And, that adolescents who dual used were motivated to use ENDS because they were easy to conceal. Findings support stricter regulation of ENDS marketing and for smoke-free air laws that include ENDS. In addition, these findings support prioritizing family- and school-based prevention programming that effectively communicates risk associated with ENDS use, including heightened risk of dual use and dependence. Such efforts can reduce the number of adolescents who use ENDS as well as the number who transition to tobacco cigarette use.
Background
The vast number of available youth-appealing electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has drastically changed the tobacco landscape and provided many options for adolescents to initiate and continue nicotine use [1,2,3,4]. ENDS use among U.S. adolescents hit its peak in 2018 with approximately 4.8 million middle- and high-school students reporting current ENDS use [3]. Prevalence remains high, as 2.06 million adolescents reported current use of ENDS in 2021 [5]. Of concern, adolescent ENDS users are more likely than non-users to initiate tobacco cigarette use [6,7,8] and become regular smokers [7, 9, 10]. Further, adolescents who dual use ENDS and tobacco cigarettes are less likely than exclusive ENDS users to stop using tobacco products 2–3 years later [11], and more likely to have an increased risk of developing dependence [1, 12, 13]. The overall goal of this study was to examine the differential influences of exclusive ENDS use and dual use with tobacco cigarettes among adolescents.
Dual use of ENDS and tobacco cigarettes among adolescents is an understudied area of research [14, 15]. While older populations may be dual using ENDS and tobacco cigarettes as an effort to reduce or quit tobacco cigarettes, this motivation is less likely among adolescents [14]. In fact, studies have shown that ENDS use among younger populations is associated with more frequent and intensive tobacco cigarette use [16]. It is, therefore, important to understand the factors that may be driving dual use among adolescent ENDS users to inform policies and prevention efforts.
Research indicates that environments favorable of ENDS use influence susceptibility to and use of tobacco cigarettes [8, 10, 17,18,19,20]. Studies further show that certain socio-ecological factors may be driving dual use behaviors among adolescents. For example, compared to exclusive ENDS use, dual use among adolescents is more likely to be associated with greater positive smoking expectancies [21], lower parental monitoring [21], lower perceived risk of tobacco use [22, 23], higher exposure to and receptivity to tobacco promotions and marketing [22], and lower receptivity to antismoking ads [23].
This existing research enhances our understanding of how risk factors are differentially associated with exclusive ENDS use and dual use of ENDS and tobacco cigarettes. However, much of the research in this area has not examined the full socio-ecological environment of adolescent ENDS and dual use by considering a wide range of socio-temporal contextual and community factors in one study. Since tobacco use behaviors are driven by the interaction among individual and environmental risk factors within one’s ecological context [24, 25], it is important to consider contextual and community factors together in order to identify factors that can inform prevention and policy efforts [26]. Further, cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys do not capture the daily and momentary factors that influence adolescents’ real-world exclusive ENDS use versus dual use and are subject to recall bias [27].
Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) provides an ideal methodology to reveal a wide range of contextual and community factors associated with adolescent tobacco use behaviors because it involves collecting data close to when behaviors and experiences occur in real-world contexts, reducing recall bias and maximizing ecological validity [28]. EMA studies have demonstrated that certain high-risk ecological contexts are associated with tobacco use behaviors [28]. Various EMA studies have examined use behaviors and associations among young adults, assessing exclusive ENDS use, exclusive tobacco cigarette use [29, 30], or use of any tobacco products [30, 31]. However, EMA studies have not examined exclusive ENDS use and dual use with tobacco cigarettes among adolescents, leaving a gap in knowledge of the day-to-day contextual and community factors that influence adolescents’ dual use of ENDS and tobacco cigarettes. This is a critical area of study, given the established association of ENDS use and subsequent use of tobacco cigarettes among adolescents [6, 8] and the heightened risk of dependence [32].
The purpose of the current study was to reveal the day-to-day contextual and community factors of adolescent ENDS use and how they predict dual use with tobacco cigarettes among adolescents. Based on the social ecological framework [24], and on research that suggests favorable ENDS environments can influence tobacco cigarette use among adolescents [17], the overarching hypothesis of our study was that day-to-day socio-temporal contextual factors (i.e., motivations to vape, location of vaping, who with when vaping) and community factors (i.e., exposure to peers vaping, to adults vaping, to ENDS advertising, to ENDS warning messages) would be associated with same-day exclusive ENDS use and dual use of ENDS and tobacco cigarettes. Based on the exploratory nature of research questions related to which socio-temporal contextual and community factors would be differentially associated with exclusive vaping versus vaping with tobacco cigarettes, we did not make specific hypotheses about these relationships.
Methods
The study design is described in greater detail elsewhere [33, 34], including more information on sample recruitment and selection as well as study procedures. All study protocols, including obtaining informed consent to participate, were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, and approved by PIRE’s Institutional Review Board (federal-wide assurance: FWA00003078). As participants were all under 18, we obtained parental informed consent and participant assent for all 50 participants.
Recruitment
Adolescents were recruited to participate in surveys that asked about opinions, perceptions, marketing exposures, and use of e-cigarettes and tobacco through a study website and recruitment flyers. Inclusion criteria were: (a) being between ages 14 and 17 years old, (b) living within a 100-mile radius of Louisville, Kentucky, and (c) self-report past two-week ENDS use (i.e., if they responded “yes” to vaping ENDS in the past two weeks). To maintain confidentiality and avoid potential response bias, neither parents nor the adolescents were informed that past two-week ENDS use was an inclusion criterion. Parental consent and youth assent were obtained electronically.
Participants
The first 50 eligible adolescents to complete the screening were enrolled. Of those, three did not complete the initial online survey and did not progress to the EMA surveys, and one dropped out of the study on the second day of EMA. Those four adolescents were replaced by the next four eligible adolescents on our recruiting list to obtain a sample of 50 adolescents (to ensure adequate statistical power). Participants were asked to complete EMA surveys over two weeks (14 days). On average, each participant provided 13.4 days of EMA data, resulting in 670 of 700 possible observations for a 96% completion rate.
Study design
Data were collected January through October 2018. Participants were sent a link via text or e-mail to a 30-min initial online survey that included demographics, individual characteristics, and ENDS and tobacco use behaviors. Next, an online text messaging platform was used to send survey links and reminders to a cell phone provided to participants by the study team. On each of 14 consecutive days, participants were asked to respond to the EMA surveys to report vaping and tobacco use behaviors, reasons for vaping, and contexts of vaping (where, with whom, vaping exposures). Incentives for study participation included: $15 for completing the initial survey, $5 for each completed EMA survey, a $20 bonus if they completed all EMA surveys, and $15 for returning the study phone.
On Mondays through Thursdays, all participants were prompted to complete the survey once daily at 4 pm, asking them about the past 24 h (i.e., from 4 pm the prior day to 4 pm that day). On Fridays, all participants were prompted to complete the survey at 4 pm and 8 pm, reporting on time periods from 4 pm the day prior to 4 pm that day, and from 4 to 8 pm that day. On Saturdays and Sundays, all participants were prompted at 11am, 4 pm, and 8 pm, reporting on time periods from 8 pm the prior day to 11am that day, from 11am to 4 pm that day, and from 4 to 8 pm that day. Data collection was set up this way to capture more data when the adolescents were not in school when we suspected there would be more use (i.e., the weekend). For analysis, we aggregated the weekend datapoints into measures representing 24-h periods to create daily observations.
Initial survey measures
Individual characteristics
Participants were asked to respond to questions on individual and family characteristics including age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Socioeconomic status was assessed through one item asking how much money they had in a typical week to spend on whatever they want, not including basic necessities. The nine response categories were coded and rounded to the next integer to approximate an interval measure by taking the midpoints (< $5 = $4; $5-$10 = $8; $11 to $25 = $19; $26 to $50 = $39; $51 to $75 = $64; $76 to $100 = $89; $101 to $125 = $114; $126 to $150 = $139; and > $150 = $151).
Daily measures
ENDS use and dual use with tobacco cigarettes
Each survey asked adolescents to report if they vaped nicotine during the survey window. If they said yes, they were asked how many times they vaped nicotine (i.e., number of occasions) during the survey window and how many total puffs they typically vaped on each occasion. To create daily vaping measures on weekend days, we summed use occasions across all survey time windows to equal a 24-h period. The total number of vaping puffs per day was estimated as the product of the sum of use occasions and the mean of typical puffs per day. At the 4 pm survey each day, participants were also asked if they smoked tobacco cigarettes during the survey window, and a dual use outcome was created representing use of tobacco cigarettes and ENDS on the same day. We coded outcome measures to represent (a) dual use, (b) ENDS use only, (c) cigarette use only, or (d) neither. We coded cigarette use only occasions as missing data in our substantive analysis, due to the small number of observations (n = 56).
Contextual factors of ENDS use
If adolescents said yes to vaping nicotine during a survey window, they were asked a series of questions about the last time they vaped nicotine, including: who they vaped with (recoded to by myself versus with others), where they vaped (recoded to someone’s home, my home, outdoors, or school), and why they vaped on the last occasion (recoded to it’s easy to get, I like the flavors, it feels good, trying to quit tobacco cigarettes, no odor, or because tobacco is prohibited). Since weekend data were aggregated across multiple observations to the daily level, we selected context responses from the period between the last vaping occasion on the prior day at 4 pm to the current day 4 pm to make these observations consistent with weekday observations.
Community factors of ENDS use
At the 4 pm survey each day, participants were asked if, in the last 24 h (i.e., 4 pm to 4 pm), they were exposed to others’ use, warning messages about vaping, and advertisements about vaping. For exposure to others’ use, participants were asked if they saw any adults (yes, no) or people their age (yes, no) using e-cigarettes or vape devices. For exposure to warning messages, they were asked whether they saw or heard any health warning messages about vaping (yes, no). For exposure to ads, they were asked whether they saw e-cigarettes or vape devices in various types of media (i.e., inside or outside of a store or on a billboard in or near your neighborhood, inside or outside of a store or on a billboard in or near your school, online or social media, and in a magazine/TV/movie). Responses for ad exposure were re-coded into an overall daily exposure to ENDS advertising variable (0–4 exposures).
Analysis
Given the focus of our study on socio-temporal contextual and community factors related to ENDS use and dual use of ENDS with tobacco cigarettes, our analyses excluded days on which only tobacco cigarette use occurred(n = 56). Our primary analyses were random intercept, multilevel, binomial and multinomial logit regressions, accounting for daily observations nested within individuals. Binomial models were used for contextual factors since these measures were only asked when adolescents reported ENDS use (either exclusive or dual use), and multinomial models were used for community factor predictors. Specifically, binomial models examined exclusive ENDS use (referent category) vs. dual use, and our multinomial models examined exclusive ENDS use, dual use of ENDS and tobacco cigarettes, and no ENDS or tobacco cigarette use (referent category). There was a great deal of variability among participants (i.e., daily changes in use patterns occurred for participants), as evidenced by large intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) (see Table 1). Substantive models regressed outcome on predictors, where predictors were grouped into topical areas (i.e., where vaped, why vaped, who with when vaped, exposure to adults vaping, exposure to peers vaping, warnings, and advertising) and we ran separate models for each topical area. Odds ratios and their accompanying 95% confidence intervals were calculated for models. Binomial models were fit using the lmer library [35] in the R environment for statistical computing [36] and multinomial models were fit using Stata 15 [37].
Results
Participant characteristics
Table 1 shows participant characteristics. They had a mean age of 16.2 years (SD = 0.86). Close to half of the sample was male (42%). The majority of the sample reported being non-Hispanic White (90%). Participants reported having between $4 and $151 (quartiles: $19, $29, and $89) per week as spending money.
Patterns of daily nicotine use
Participants used ENDS exclusively on 44% of days and dual used ENDS and tobacco cigarettes on 8% of days. Considering all possible daily outcomes, participants neither used ENDS nor tobacco cigarettes on 39% of days. Considering the global vaping patterns of individuals over the entire 14 days, 66% (n = 33) of participants had exclusive ENDS use on all use days, 14% (n = 7) had dual use on all use days, and 16% (n = 8) had a mix of exclusive ENDS and dual use days.
Day-to-day contextual factors associated with dual use of ENDS and tobacco cigarettes versus exclusive ENDS
Table 2 shows results of the binomial logistic regressions assessing associations of contextual factors with daily dual use of ENDS and tobacco cigarettes, relative to exclusive ENDS use. Controlling for covariates, dual use (versus exclusive ENDS use) was positively associated with “vaping because tobacco use was prohibited” (OR = 34.65, p < 0.05). Also, dual use was marginally associated with ENDS not having an odor (OR = 16.33, p = 0.07) and not being at one’s own home (OR = 0.10, p = 0.09).
Day-to-day community factors associated with exclusive ENDS use and dual use with tobacco cigarettes versus no use
Table 3 shows results of the multinomial logistic regressions assessing associations of contextual factors with daily exclusive ENDS use or dual use of ENDS and tobacco cigarettes, relative to no use. Controlling for covariates, exclusive ENDS use (versus no use) was associated with greater exposure to peers vaping nicotine (OR = 2.58, p < 0.01) on each day. Focusing on dual use of ENDS and tobacco cigarettes, controlling for covariates, days when adolescents reported dual use of ENDS and tobacco cigarettes (versus no use), were predicted by (a) greater exposure to adults vaping (OR = 5.59, p < 0.05), (b) greater exposure to peers vaping (OR = 7.48, p < 0.05), and (c) greater exposure to ENDS advertisements or promotions (OR = 2.12, p < 0.01).
Discussion
Our study examined exclusive ENDS use and dual use with tobacco cigarettes among adolescents through EMA methods to identify day-to-day socio-temporal contextual and community factors that may uniquely influence these behaviors. Given the persistent prevalence of ENDS use among adolescents [5] and studies which show that ENDS users are more likely to subsequently initiate combustible tobacco [6], it is critically important to understand the factors that may be driving dual use among adolescent vapers. The adolescents in our sample used nicotine consistently, reporting nicotine use on more than half of the days within the two-week EMA study period. They were using ENDS exclusively on 44% of those days and dual using ENDS and tobacco cigarettes on 8%. The frequency of nicotine use within a two-week period is concerning, especially given research that shows experimenting with ENDS and multiple other tobacco products before 18 years old is strongly associated with subsequent daily cigarette smoking [38]. Given these concerns, it is imperative to identify risk factors of dual use of ENDS and tobacco cigarettes to inform comprehensive prevention and policy efforts that address multiple tobacco products.
The results of our study suggest that there are certain socio-temporal contextual and community factors that predict dual use days among adolescent vapers. Indeed, days where adolescents dual used ENDS and tobacco cigarettes were predicted by vaping motivations related to being able to conceal use. Specifically, dual use days were predicted by the motivation of vaping because tobacco use is prohibited. This finding supports other research that suggests that day-to-day contexts and situations drive nicotine product choice [29, 30]. Our study extends these findings by demonstrating that even among adolescents who dual use, product choice might be driven by motivations related to their need to continue using nicotine, even in situations where tobacco cigarettes are unacceptable [29, 39, 40]. Importantly, our study did not find any significant associations between ENDS use and motivations to quit. Together, these findings might suggest that adolescents who regularly use ENDS are dual using with ENDS to use nicotine more often, not less [32].
Results showed that dual use days and exclusive ENDS use days were both predicted by greater exposure to peers vaping on that day. Adolescents may be influenced by peer ENDS users to engage in both vaping and smoking behaviors due to social pressure or social access (i.e., the social nature of vaping and smoking, sharing of devices and cigarettes, and increased access when with peers) [41, 42]. In addition, research among young adults shows that exposure to ENDS use increases the desire for both ENDS and combustible tobacco cigarettes [43], so that is also a plausible explanation, although we did not assess craving or dependence in this study. Future research should examine how exclusive and dual use contexts among adolescents vary by individual craving and dependence symptoms.
Same day exposure to adults vaping predicted dual use but not exclusive ENDS use. These results may reflect adolescents’ social access to tobacco cigarettes from adults in their environment who use ENDS, as well as the strong influence of favorable tobacco norms among older persons in adolescents’ environments [18, 44]. Similar to our findings on peer vaping, this could also reflect the influence of exposure to nicotine use on the desire for both ENDS and combustible tobacco cigarettes [43].
Dual use days were also predicted by same-day exposure to ENDS promotions and advertising. These results are supported by another EMA study that found that adolescent participants were more likely to report recent tobacco use if they also reported recent tobacco marketing exposure [31]. Our study extends this research by showing that ENDS-specific marketing exposure may impact same-day dual use of ENDS and tobacco cigarettes. This finding has important implications since ENDS marketing is pervasive and includes youth-appealing marketing channels and content [45,46,47]. In addition, ENDS marketing does not have the comprehensive restrictions that have been imposed on the marketing of traditional tobacco products [48, 49].
Interestingly, exposure to warning messages about ENDS was not associated with exclusive or dual use behaviors. This could be explained by research that found that warning labels on ENDS vials did not grab the attention of the young adults nor influence the perceived addictiveness of ENDS [50]. The researchers suggest that the warning labels on vials have limited potential impact in competition with the other attractive packaging. In addition, it is possible that our sample did not even see the warning labels or messaging on the ENDS packaging or on the e-liquid vials due to the common practice of sharing vaping devices among adolescents. Additional research is needed to determine what types of warning messages and labels can counteract youth-appealing product packaging as well as the pervasive marketing tactics that influence tobacco use.
Strengths and limitations
One of the strengths of this study is that it allowed us to measure exclusive ENDS use and dual use with tobacco cigarettes with a method that reduces recall bias compared to cross-sectional or more typical longitudinal survey methods that rely on past 30-day and past-year recall measures. While EMA methods provide more precise measurement and allow for an examination of secular trends in use, costs usually dictate that fewer participants are followed using these methods. Our study had 50 participants, which was sufficient to examine within-participant variability, but proved insufficient for examining between-participant variability. More specifically, 50 participants did not yield sufficient variability between participants and led to multicollinearity for within and between predictors (i.e., rs ranged from 0.54 to 0.90, median = 0.71), which often led to poor fitting models that did not converge. Nevertheless, as the primary focus of this paper is on the patterns of variability on repeated observations, the sample size is 700 (50 adolescents × 14 days), which is sufficient. And, while statistical power does become a concern with reduced sample size, we suspect this is not the case, given we found a consistent pattern of results across dependent measures. Finally, since we drew our sample from a small catchment area in Kentucky, we are unable to make inferences about the general population of adolescent ENDS users. Future studies with larger, more representative samples need to be conducted to see if these findings can be replicated and extended.
Conclusions
Our study advances the extant research on adolescent ENDS use by examining a unique set of socio-temporal contextual and community factors that can be prime targets for policy and prevention efforts aimed at reducing the number of adolescents who transition to tobacco cigarette use. Overall, findings support research that shows that favorable ENDS environments predict both vaping and smoking behaviors among adolescents. However, our study also demonstrates the strong influence of exposure to peers and adults vaping and to ENDS marketing on adolescent dual use behaviors that same day. In addition, our findings show how characteristics of ENDS (e.g., easy to conceal) make it possible for adolescents to use nicotine on a more regular basis and in various settings that would not be possible with tobacco cigarettes. Together, these findings support stricter regulation of ENDS marketing and enforcement of smoke-free air laws that include ENDS. In addition, family- and school-based prevention programming should focus on communicating the risks of ENDS use, including heightened risk of subsequent tobacco cigarette use and dependence. Finally, given that the results of our study suggest that this young group of vapers is seeking opportunities for nicotine and using multiple products to get it, future EMA research should assess the associations of exclusive and multiple product use on dependency and withdrawal symptoms among this young population. To better understand these important issues among youth, future research should involve larger samples of adolescent ENDS users and additional assessments of dual and poly use of tobacco products, including novel tobacco products (e.g., heat-not-burn products, nicotine pouches, etc.).
Availability of data and materials
The data supporting this article are available from the corresponding author, MA, upon reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- ENDS:
-
Electronic nicotine delivery systems
- EMA:
-
Ecological momentary assessment
- ICC:
-
Interclass correlation
- OR:
-
Odds ratio
References
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2016.
Office of the Surgeon General. Surgeon General's Advisory on E-cigarette Use Among Youth. In: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services PHS, Office of the Surgeon General, editor. 2018.
Gentzke A, Creamer M, Cullen K, Ambrose BK, Willis G, Jamal A, et al. Vital signs: tobacco product use among middle and high school students — United States, 2011–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68:157–64.
Wang T, Gentzke A, Sharapova S, Cullen K, Ambrose B, Jamal A. Tobacco product use among middle and high school students — United States, 2011–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67:629–33.
Park-Lee E, Ren C, Sawdey MD, Gentzke AS, Cornelius M, Jamal A, et al. Notes from the Field: e-cigarette use among middle and high school students — national youth tobacco survey, United States, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70:1387–9.
Soneji S, Barrington-Trimis JL, Wills TA, Leventhal AM, Unger JB, Gibson LA, et al. Association between initial use of e-cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(8):788–97.
Barrington-Trimis JL, Yang Z, Schiff S, Unger J, Cruz TB, Urman R, et al. E-cigarette product characteristics and subsequent frequency of cigarette smoking. Pediatrics. 2020;145(5):e20191652.
O’Brien D, Long J, Quigley J, Lee C, McCarthy A, Kavanagh P. Association between electronic cigarette use and tobacco cigarette smoking initiation in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):954.
Leventhal AM, Stone MD, Andrabi N, Barrington-Trimis J, Strong DR, Sussman S, et al. association of e-cigarette vaping and progression to heavier patterns of cigarette smoking. JAMA. 2016;316(18):1918–20.
Kwon E, Adams Z, Seo DC. Trajectories and determinants of adolescents’ nicotine product use risk among U.S. adolescents in a nationally representative sample of longitudinal cohort. Addict Behav. 2021;116:106812.
Stanton CA, Sharma E, Edwards KC, Halenar MJ, Taylor KA, Kasza KA, et al. Longitudinal transitions of exclusive and polytobacco electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use among youth, young adults and adults in the USA: findings from the PATH Study Waves 1–3 (2013–2016). Tob Control. 2020;29(Suppl 3):s147–54.
Ali M, Gray TR, Martinez DJ, Curry LE, Horn KA. Risk profiles of youth single, dual, and poly tobacco users. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016;18(7):1614–21.
Richter L, Pugh BS, Smith PH, Ball SA. The co-occurrence of nicotine and other substance use and addiction among youth and adults in the United States: implications for research, practice, and policy. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2017;43(2):132–45.
Adelman WP. Dual Use and dual truths: categorizing the adolescent electronic cigarette user. J Adolesc Health. 2019;65(2):167–8.
Bowe AK, Doyle F, Stanistreet D, O’Connell E, Durcan M, Major E, et al. E-Cigarette-only and dual use among adolescents in Ireland: emerging behaviours with different risk profiles. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(1):332.
Olfson M, Wall MM, Liu SM, Sultan RS, Blanco C. E-cigarette Use Among Young Adults in the U.S. Am J Prev Med. 2019;56(5):655–63.
Barrington-Trimis JL, Berhane K, Unger JB, Cruz TB, Urman R, Chou CP, et al. The e-cigarette social environment, e-cigarette use, and susceptibility to cigarette smoking. J Adolesc Health. 2016;59(1):75–80.
Coleman M, Donaldson CD, Crano WD, Pike JR, Stacy AW. Associations between family and peer e-cigarette use with adolescent tobacco and marijuana usage: a longitudinal path analytic approach. Nicotine Tob Res. 2021;23(5):849–55.
Hallingberg B, Angel L, Brown R, Copeland L, Gray L, Van Godwin J, et al. Changes in childhood experimentation with, and exposure to, tobacco and e-cigarettes and perceived smoking norms: a repeated cross-sectional study of 10–11 year olds’ in Wales. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1924.
Miech R, Patrick ME, O’Malley PM, Johnston LD. E-cigarette use as a predictor of cigarette smoking: results from a 1-year follow-up of a national sample of 12th grade students. Tob Control. 2017;26(e2):e106–11.
Wills TA, Knight R, Williams RJ, Pagano I, Sargent JD. Risk factors for exclusive e-cigarette use and dual e-cigarette use and tobacco use in adolescents. Pediatrics. 2015;135(1):e43-51.
El-Toukhy S, Choi K. A risk-continuum categorization of product use among us youth tobacco users. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016;18(7):1596–605.
Owotomo O, Maslowsky J, Loukas A. Perceptions of the harm and addictiveness of conventional cigarette smoking among adolescent e-cigarette users. The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2018;62(1):87–93.
Bronfenbrenner U. Toward an experimental ecology of human development. Am Psychol. 1977;32(7):513–31.
U.S. National Cancer Institute. A Socioecological Approach to Addressing Tobacco-Related Health Disparities. Bethesda, MD; 2017.
Lipperman-Kreda S, Grube JW, Friend KB. Contextual and community factors associated with youth access to cigarettes through commercial sources. Tob Control. 2014;23(1):39–44.
Li Z, Benowitz-Fredericks C, Ling PM, Cohen JE, Thrul J. Assessing young adults' ENDS use via Ecological Momentary Assessment and a Smart Bluetooth enabled ENDS device. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020.
Shiffman S. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in studies of substance use. Psychol Assess. 2009;21(4):486–97.
Camenga DR, Haeny AM, Krishnan-Sarin S, O’Malley SS, Bold KW. Pilot ecological momentary assessment study of subjective and contextual factors surrounding e-cigarette and combustible tobacco product use among young adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(21):11005.
Berg CJ, Haardörfer R, Payne JB, Getachew B, Vu M, Guttentag A, et al. Ecological momentary assessment of various tobacco product use among young adults. Addict Behav. 2019;92:38–46.
Roberts ME, Keller-Hamilton B, Hinton A, Browning CR, Slater MD, Xi W, et al. The magnitude and impact of tobacco marketing exposure in adolescents’ day-to-day lives: An ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study. Addict Behav. 2019;88:144–9.
Azagba S, Shan L, Latham K. Adolescent dual use classification and its association with nicotine dependence and quit intentions. J Adolesc Health. 2019;65(2):195–201.
Abadi MH, Lipperman-Kreda S, Shamblen SR, Thompson K, Grube JW, Leventhal AM, et al. The impact of flavored ENDS use among adolescents on daily use occasions and number of puffs, and next day intentions and willingness to vape. Addict Behav. 2021;114: 106773.
Shamblen SR, Abadi MH, Thompson KT, Lipperman-Kreda S, Grube JW, Richard BO. Daily variation in the patterns and characteristics of adolescent ENDS use. Psychol Addict Behav. 2022.
Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S, Christensen RHB, Singmann H, et al. lme4: Linear Mixed-Effects Models using Eigen and S4. 1.1–21 ed2019.
Ihaka R, Gentleman R. R: A language for data analysis and graphics. J Comput Graph Stat. 1996;5(3):299–314.
StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 15. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC; 2017.
Pierce JP, Chen R, Leas EC, White MM, Kealey S, Stone MD, et al. Use of E-cigarettes and other tobacco products and progression to daily cigarette smoking. Pediatrics. 2021;147(2):e2020025122.
Berg CJ. Preferred flavors and reasons for e-cigarette use and discontinued use among never, current, and former smokers. Int J Public Health. 2016;61(2):225–36.
Berg CJ, Haardörfer R, Lewis M, Getachew B, Lloyd SA, Thomas SF, et al. DECOY: Documenting Experiences with Cigarettes and Other Tobacco in Young Adults. Am J Health Behav. 2016;40(3):310–21.
Groom AL, Vu T-HT, Landry RL, Kesh A, Hart JL, Walker KL, et al. The influence of friends on teen vaping: a mixed-methods approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(3):6784.
Kwon M, Chung SJ, Lee J. Use of single, dual, and poly tobacco products in Korean adolescents. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2021;33(5):571–8.
King AC, Smith LJ, McNamara PJ, Matthews AK, Fridberg DJ. Passive exposure to electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use increases desire for combustible and e-cigarettes in young adult smokers. Tob Control. 2015;24(5):501–4.
Owusu D, Mamudu HM, Robertson C, Wang L, Guy H, Collins C, et al. Intention to try tobacco among middle school students in a predominantly rural environment of Central Appalachia. Subst Use Misuse. 2019;54(3):449–58.
Choi K, Rose SW, Zhou Y, Rahman B, Hair E. Exposure to multimedia tobacco marketing and product use among youth: a longitudinal analysis. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020;22(6):1036–40.
Li X, Kaiser N, Borodovsky JT, Riordan R, Kasson E, Cao C, et al. National trends of adolescent exposure to tobacco advertisements: 2012–2020. Pediatrics. 2021;148(6):e2021050495.
Bach L. Tobacco Marketing that Reaches Kids: Point-of-Sale Advertising and Promotions. Washington: DC; 2022. p. 2022.
FDA Permits Marketing of E-Cigarette Products, Marking First Authorization of Its Kind by the Agency [press release]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, , 10/12/2021 2021.
Henriksen L. Comprehensive tobacco marketing restrictions: promotion, packaging, price and place. Tob Control. 2012;21(2):147–53.
Gantiva C, Angel-Sanint L, Velasco-Vivas A. Impact of e-liquid warning labels on young adults' perception of e-cigarettes and intention to use them: an experimental online study. Tob Control. 2021.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
The research, analyses, and preparation of this paper were supported by grants 1R03DA041899 from the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Tobacco Products (CTP), and P60-AA006282 and T32-AA014125 from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of NIDA, FDA/CTP, NIAAA, or NIH.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
MHA obtained funding. MHA conceptualized the research questions and methodology with SRS, KTT, SLK, and JG. KTT, CA, and BR contributed to data acquisition. MHA and SRS developed the analysis plan and SRS analyzed the data. MHA, SRS, and KTT drafted the original manuscript, and SLK, JG, BR, and CA read and substantially revised the original manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All study protocols, including obtaining informed consent to participate, were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, and approved by PIRE’s Institutional Review Board (federal-wide assurance: FWA00003078). As participants were all under 18, we obtained informed parental consent and participant assent for all 50 participants.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
About this article
Cite this article
Abadi, M.H., Shamblen, S.R., Thompson, K. et al. Socio-temporal contextual and community factors associated with daily exclusive ENDS use and dual use with tobacco cigarettes among adolescent vapers: an ecological momentary assessment study. BMC Public Health 22, 2289 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14787-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14787-1