Table 1 Maternal baseline characteristics of women included in the analysis, overall and stratified by HIV status, BMI and GWG category
| Â | Â | HIV status | Â | BMI | Â | GWG | Â | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Overall N (%) = 989 | Without HIV N (%) = 510 | With HIV N (%) = 479 | p value | Normal N (%) = 294 | Overweight N (%) = 244 | Obese N (%) = 427 | p value | Inadequate N (%) = 266 | Adequate N (%) = 121 | Excessive N (%) = 362 | p-value |
Age (years) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | 0.077 |
  < 24 | 240 (24) | 171 (34) | 69 (14) |  | 100 (34) | 58 (24) | 79 (19) |  | 48 (18) | 30 (25) | 100 (28) |  |
 25–29 | 292 (30) | 157 (31) | 135 (28) |  | 93 (32) | 71 (29) | 120 (28) |  | 93 (35) | 35 (29) | 104 (29) |  |
 30–34 | 254 (26) | 109 (21) | 145 (30) |  | 71 (24) | 54 (22) | 123 (29) |  | 75 (28) | 34 (28) | 81 (22) |  |
  ≥ 35 | 203 (21) | 73 (14) | 130 (27) |  | 30 (10) | 61 (25) | 105 (25) |  | 48 (18) | 22 (18) | 76 (21) |  |
 Median (IQR) | 29 (25–34) | 27 (23–32) | 31 (26–35) |  | 27 (23–32) | 29 (25–35) | 30 (26–34) |  | 29 (26–33) | 29 (25–33) | 29 (24–33) |  |
Education | Â | Â | Â | 0.015 | Â | Â | Â | 0.870 | Â | Â | Â | 0.661 |
 Primary | 37 (4) | 15 (3) | 22 (5) |  | 9 (3) | 10 (4) | 17 (4) |  | 9 (3) | 4 (3) | 17 (5) |  |
 High school | 929 (94) | 477 (94) | 452 (94) |  | 277 (94) | 231 (95) | 399 (93) |  | 252 (95) | 113 (93) | 334 (93) |  |
 Tertiary | 23 (2) | 18 (4) | 5 (1) |  | 8 (3) | 3 (1) | 11 (3) |  | 3 (1) | 4 (3) | 10 (3) |  |
Socio-economic status | Â | Â | Â | 0.071 | Â | Â | Â | 0.602 | Â | Â | Â | 0.646 |
 Lower | 325 (33) | 152 (30) | 173 (36) |  | 105 (36) | 72 (30) | 136 (32) |  | 87 (33) | 45 (37) | 119 (33) |  |
 Middle | 274 (28) | 142 (28) | 132 (28) |  | 75 (26) | 71 (29) | 123 (29) |  | 81 (31) | 35 (29) | 96 (27) |  |
 Higher | 388 (39) | 215 (42) | 173 (36) |  | 113 (38) | 100 (41) | 168 (39) |  | 96 (36) | 41 (34) | 144 (40) |  |
 Missing | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) |  | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.4) | 0 |  | 0 | 0 | 2 (0.6) |  |
Relationship status | Â | Â | Â | 0.874 | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 | Â | Â | Â | 0.271 |
 No relationship | 46 (5) | 23 (5) | 23 (5) |  | 13 (4) | 11 (5) | 22 (5) |  | 9 (3) | 1 (1) | 17 (5) |  |
 Not Cohabiting/married-NLT | 509 (51) | 267 (52) | 242 (51) |  | 180 (61) | 124 (51) | 194 (45) |  | 140 (53) | 72 (60) | 186 (52) |  |
 Cohabiting/married-LT | 428 (43) | 218 (43) | 210 (44) |  | 98 (33) | 106 (43) | 211 (49) |  | 114 (43) | 48 (400 | 155 (43) |  |
 Missing | 6 (1) | 2 (0.4) | 4 (1) |  | 3 (1) | 3 (1) | 0 |  | 2 (1) | 0 | 3 (1) |  |
*Alcohol use | Â | Â | Â | 0.982 | Â | Â | Â | 0.599 | Â | Â | Â | 0.227 |
 No | 898 (91) | 463 (91) | 435 (91) |  | 264 (90) | 218 (89) | 392 (92) |  | 243 (92) | 114 (94) | 322 (89) |  |
 Yes | 89 (9) | 46 (9) | 43 (9) |  | 29 (10) | 25 (10) | 35 (8) |  | 21 (8) | 7 (6) | 38 (11) |  |
 Missing | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) |  | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.4) | 0 |  | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 1 (0.3) |  |
GA at first ANC (weeks) | Â | Â | Â | 0.109 | Â | Â | Â | 0.455 | Â | Â | Â | 0.002 |
 1st trimester (≤13) | 229 (23) | 109 (21) | 120 (25) |  | 64 (22) | 54 (22) | 110 (26) |  | 74 (28) | 39 (32) | 64 (18) |  |
 2nd trimester (14–28) | 609 (62) | 314 (62) | 295 (62) |  | 183 (62) | 160 (66) | 265 (62) |  | 162 (61) | 73 (60) | 244 (68) |  |
 3rd trimester (> 28) | 123 (12) | 73 (14) | 50 (10) |  | 44 (15) | 29 (12) | 49 (11) |  | 28 (11) | 8 (7) | 51 (14) |  |
 Missing | 28 (3) | 14 (3) | 14 (3) |  | 3 (1) | 1 (0.4) | 3 (0.7) |  | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 3 (1) |  |
 Median (IQR) | 20 (14–25) | 21 (15–26) | 19 (13–24) |  | 21 (14–26) | 20 (14–23) | 19 (13–24) |  | 19 (13–24) | 18 (12–22) | 21 (15–25) |  |
Parity |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | 0.690 |
 0 | 251 (25) | 168 (33) | 83 (17) |  | 106 (36) | 51 (21) | 86 (20) |  | 57 (22) | 33 (27) | 94 (26) |  |
 1 | 331 (33) | 169 (33) | 162 (34) |  | 92 (31) | 89 (36) | 143 (33) |  | 93 (35) | 40 (33) | 117 (32) |  |
  ≥ 2 | 407 (41) | 173 (34) | 234 (49) |  | 96 (33) | 104 (43) | 198 (46) |  | 114 (43) | 48 (40) | 150 (42) |  |
 Median (IQR) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (1–2) |  | 1 (0–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) |  | 1 (1–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) |  |