Table 4 Pesticides identified in case series of pesticide self-poisoning in Nepal 1980–2019
From: Suicide by pesticide ingestion in Nepal and the impact of pesticide regulation
# | Year [ref] | Location | Pesticide cases /out of total number of patients | Pesticide classes | Compounds identified | Fatalities with responsible compound (where identified) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1995–1996 [26] | Dharan | 37/37 | All OP | 23 Methyl parathion | Not identified |
2 | 2000 [29] | Kathmandu Pokhara Dharan | 256/256 | 133 OP | 80 Methyl parathion 53 Dichlorvos 29 Zinc phosphide 18 Aluminum phosphide | 42 (16.2%) cases. |
3 | 2003–5 [38] | Kathmandu | 47/47 | 47 OP | 32 Methyl parathion | 3 fatalities |
4 | 2003–2006 [32] | Dhulikhel | 59/59 | All OP | 15 Dichlorvos 13 Methyl parathion |  |
5 | 2003–6 [33] | Pokhara | 56/98 | 32 (31.68%) Rodenticides 15 (14.85%) OP insecticides | Not identified | 5/32 Rodenticides 4/15 OP insecticides |
6 | 2004 [34] | Kathmandu | 154/154 | 65 OP 38 Drugs 10 Zinc phosphide 6 Aluminum phosphide 2 Carbamate | 31 Dichlorvos 27 Methyl parathion | 4/7 Methyl parathion |
7 | 2004–5 [72] | Kathmandu | 50/50 | All OP poisoning | 34/50 Methyl parathion 13/50 Dichlorvos | 7 (14%) |
8 | 2005 [35] | Kathmandu | 74/99 | 63 Insecticides 11 Rodenticides | 21 Methyl parathion 16 Dichlorvos 5 Aluminium phosphide | 2/21 Methyl parathion 1/16 Dichlorvos |
9 | 2005–2008 [36] | Dharan | 73/122 | 55 (45.1%) OP 10 (8.2%) Organochlorine insecticides 4 Cypermethrin 3 Zinc phosphide 1 Carbamate | Not identified | 12.6% |
10 | 2005–2010 [37] | Dharan | 1661/2621 | 1101 (67%) OP 321 Organochlorine insecticides 182 (10.96%) Rodenticide | Not identified | 168 (6.41%) fatal 156 OP 6 Zinc phosphide |
11 | 2005–11 [74] | Kathmandu | 190/354 | 150 OP 40 Rodenticides 71 Medicine | 61 Methyl parathion | 19 OP 1 Rodenticide |
12 | 2006–2010 [39] | Pokhara | 25/94 | 6 OP Carbamates 3 Rodenticide | 6 Methyl parathion | 1 Methyl parathion |
13 | 2006–2012 [40] | Pokhara | 34/187 | 30 OP 4 Carbamates | 9 Methyl parathion 5 Dichlorvos 1 Malathion 3 Propoxur (baygon) | 1/9 Methyl parathion 1/3 Propoxur |
14 | 2007 [42] | Dhulikhel | 54/54 | 40 OP 3 Zinc phosphide | 21 Methyl parathion 16 Dichlorvos | 5,5% fatal |
15 | 2007 [43] | Chitwan | 182/921 | Snake bite 366 (39.7%) Insecticide 182 (19.8%) | 84 OP 58 Zinc phosphide 21 Cypermethrin 6 Aluminum phosphide | Not identified |
16 | 2007–2008 [44] | Kathmandu | 41/148 | 29 OP 12 Zinc phosphide | 12 Zinc phosphide |  |
17 | 2008–2011 [45] | Kathmandu | 11/35 | 6 OP 1 Zinc phosphide 1 Organochlorine | Not identified | Not identified |
18 | 2008 [71] | Pokhara | 65/65 | All OP | 42 Methyl parathion 11 Baygone spray 6 Dichlorvos 3 Malathion | Not identified |
19 | 2008–2011 [46] | Pokhara | 96/160 | 67 OP 23 Rodenticide 6 Cypermethrin | Not identified | 8 OP 1 rodenticide 2 cypermethrin |
20 | 2010 [48] | Chitwan | 88/178 | 19 OP 3 Organochlorine 5 Cypermethrin 6 Phosphides | 5 Cypermethrin 6 Phosphide 3 Endosulfan | 3/19 OP 2 Endosulfan 1 Phosphide |
21 | 2010–11 [73] | Birgunj | 171/171 | all OP | 89 Methyl parathion 22 Malathion 30 Dichlorvos 12 Baygon spray 18 Unknown | 18.71% mortality |
22 | 2010–2011 [66] | Dharan | 32/149 | 30 OP 2 Aluminum phosphide | 2 Aluminum phosphide | All (study of postmortem cases) |
23 | 2011–12 [50] | Kavre | 91/137 | 56 OP | 17 Aluminum phosphide 18 Methyl parathion / Dichlorvos | 4/137 Unknown |
24 | 2012–13 [63] | Dharan | 763/1399 | 398 OP 16 Fertiliser | 332 OP 175 Phosphide 66 OP in combination 190 Organochlorine | 5,1% |
25 | 2013–2015 [51] | Rupandehi | 72/107 | 21 (19.63%) OP 27 (25.23%) Cypermethrin 9 Rodenticide | 27 Cypermethrin 9 Dichlorvos | 5/107 fatal |
26 | 2013–2017 [52] | Kathmandu | 87/144 | 75 OP 11 Drugs 11 Rodenticide 1 Fungicide | 16 Dichlorvos 14 Methyl parathion 13 Cypermethrin 13 Chlorpyrifos + Cypermethrin 6 Chlorpyrifos 5 Dimethoate | 7 (4.9%) fatal 3/16 Dichlorvos 1 Aluminum phosphide |
27 | 2014 [53] | Kathmandu | 110/84 | 64 OP 20 Zinc sulphide | Not identified | 4 (6.25%) |
28 | 2014–2016 [55] | Lumbini | 38/65 | 21 OP 17 Zinc phosphide | 17/38 Zinc phosphide |  |
29 | 2014–2017 [56] | Lumbini | 87/138 | 50 OP 23 Rodenticide 2 Fungicide | Not identified | 1/50 OP |
30 | 2015 [57] | Kathmandu | 84/84 | All OP | 48 Dichlorvos 20 Methyl parathion 10 Cypermethrin + Chlorpyrifos 4 Triazophos + Deltamethrin | 8 fatal |
31 | 2015 [62] | Dharan | 35/57 | 20 OP (24.6%) 15 Zinc phosphide (14%) | Not identified | 8.7% mortality |
32 | 2015 [58] | Chitwan | 439/439 | 263 (59.9%) Insecticides 91 (20.8%) Rodenticide 15 (3.4%) Herbicide 5 (1.1%) Fungicide | 174 (39.6%) OP 154 (35.1%) Pyrethroid 95 (21.6%) Zinc and Aluminum phosphide 4 Dinitrophenol derivative 2 Carbamate 2 Organochlorine | 16 (3.8%) |
33 | 2015–2016 [64] | Manipal | 78/78 | 78 OP | Methyl parathion 24 (30.76%) Dichlorvos 18 (23.07%) Cypermethrin 3 (3.84%) Chlorpyrifos + Cypermethrin 8 (10.25) | 5.12% |
34 | 2015–2017 [59] | Pokhara | 88/156 | 45 (28.8%) OP 43 (27.5%) Rodenticide | Not identified | Not identified |
35 | 2016–2018 [60] | Biratnagar | 58/85 | 37 OP 12 Organochlorine 9 Zinc/al phosphide | Not identified | 5 OP 10 non-OP |
36 | 2016–2018 [61] | Kathmandu | 210/210 | All OP poisonings | Methyl parathion 65% | 7.62% |