In conducting our thematic analysis, we outlined six themes related to diet and NCDs for healthcare providers (1) Widespread acknowledgement of diet-related NCDs as a serious concern (2) Perception of patients’ lack of knowledge of diet-related NCDs (3) Perspectives on the limited role of the health care provider (4) Perceptions of lack of safety nets (5) Perceptions of the role and constraints of the health care system. (6) Recommended responses to non-communicable disease.
Widespread acknowledgement of diet-related NCDs as a serious concern
Health care providers were very concerned about a perceived increase in the prevalence of non-communicable disease and expressed sentiments about obesity and NCDs concurrently. Providers expressed concern over co-morbidities, particularly high blood pressure and diabetes:
Every patient just about has some kind of co-infection. If they’re diabetic obviously they’re going to have ischemic heart disease. Doctor 2
I can just see it [NCDs]! The young people coming in 30-year olds with heart attacks, 28 year olds Type II diabetic. Twenty year old type II diabetic but “oh but he’s young!” but he’s fat! and that’s the problem, so that if you start your life at 20 with Type 2 diabetes well then within 9 years 10 years you have end stage disease already. Because it takes 9 years to really manifest fully. Doctor 3
like Type II Diabetes is the new scurge it’s gonna be gonna cost us millions and millions and millions and it’s totally preventable! Doctor 3
Concern over obesity tended to be expressed as a proxy for concern over the burden on NCDs:
I see very .... as much as there’s people that have no food there are people that are grossly overweight. I mean I have patients that weight 160 kg that come to the clinic Doctor 5
The majority... A lot of our HIV patients are far too obese, and they are there, they are obese because they WANT to be obese, because they don’t want to be seen as thin and suffering from HIV. Now, it is very difficult to tell, even a diabetic, that “You are obese.” Why? Because people are defensive. Doctor 1
The strong sentiment was that obesity was a marker of bad dietary choices, and therefore NCDs, were in some way related to defaulting on personal responsibility. In particular, the second quote articulates the providers belief that individuals “want” to be obese in order to assert that they are HIV-negative.
The expression of concern around dr-NCDs was palpable, as well as providers’ sense that poor diets were causing NCDs, and that these were linked to poor knowledge and poor choices, as expanded upon in the next section.
Perspectives on patients’ lack of knowledge of diet-related ill-health: prudence and restraint
Providers generally felt that patients had little to no knowledge of diet and NCDs:
When you’re dealing with more first-world kind of people you assume they know these kind of things, but [neighbourhood name] people don’t know it. um. I mean a lot of diabetic patients have not had that counselling. so sometimes it just helps to teach them what the difference is between a coke zero and coke... little things like that. Doctor 5.
Where patients had poor diets that resulted in obesity and non-communicable disease, they considered this in terms of lack of self-control.
I said that it’s mind over matter. Doctor 1
Now I’m talking about obese patients and that there might be something else that’s triggering it, because at the end of the day, it does become a mind thing of telling yourself “should I have these chips or should I rather have these vegetables or whatever the case may be.” Dietician
However, the practitioners did also consistently acknowledge financial constraints.
And the problem is we don’t have the dietary guidelines... the dietary guidelines don’t match up to what the people can actually afford. There’s a disjoint because we haven’t really cottoned on that you know we have to target diets to particular groups of people who can afford or who cannot afford it so it’s no good telling people salmon is great… You can’t afford that. Doctor 3
Also, so also when I try to counsel them about they should and shouldn’t ... should eat more and shouldn’t eat... also the financial implications of that.... they can’t afford to.... eat.... I mean it’s easy to make yourself a gigantic bowl of rice and just have a little bit of sauce with it. It’s a much cheaper way to eat... than having 3 different kinds of vegetables… and some chicken. So I think a lot of the time the things that they eat are what they can afford...also they don’t always know, what is good and what is not um. but. I think also .... if you only have R5 are you going to buy a head of lettuce or are you going to buy an amagwenya (Fried dough, sometimes with filling)? Doctor 2
While acknowledging the financial challenges of a healthy diet, health care providers felt that a nutritious diet could be affordable, in that they emphasized the expense of soda/soft drinks relative to more nutritious (but lower calorie) foods, re-emphasising issues of self-control.
I find a lot of them would rather go buy a 2 L coke, with their money, even though they don’t have much, and drink that, where you can say, instead of using that, go to... because even in [neighbourhood] I’m sure you’ve seen it they have those little stores with fruits and vegetables that are much cheaper compared to in the shops, so even just telling them how to work with that kind of money, and make those little changes as well. Dietician
I show my love for my family if I can treat my whole family to a meal at KFC, which is just poisonous chicken. ok. It is so awful for them, and they all love it. And that to them, eating what they call luxuries is a sign of a wealth and a sign of... of... um... I’ve made it in the world. Whereas we’re all trying to get back to the basics where the Eastern Cape actually kept them healthy in the first place... we want to try and get back to that. Nurse 1
While medical doctors seldom provided written dietary recommendations, nursing staff and the single dietician interviewed both provided various fliers with simple dietary information. This information was simple and easy to read and recommended that individuals consume specific foods in greater quantities and avoid others. However, it is notable that handouts were tailored towards a specific goal, weight loss, or towards a specific complaint, such as reflux, OR high blood pressure, OR diabetes. However, the health care providers understood that most people had a complex mixture of needs, goals, and immediate concerns, which could not be engaged in the brief clinical encounter or simple dietary information.
Perspectives on the limited scope of provider role around diet
Only one of the health care providers had a clear and direct role in relation to diet, but even then, only for patients with specific needs. Core to the dietician’s job was explaining the illness and recommending diets for diabetic patients. Given the scarcity of resources and time, she could only focus on those who seemed able and willing to make dietary changes:
I see where they are at, and if they are willing to make these changes, and if they are even willing to make these changes, so then unfortunately because we’re so limited with resources, I can’t waste my time with someone who is not interested. Dietician
The dietician would attempt to adjust diets based on her understanding of possible financial adaptations that might be appropriate:
Obviously if they don’t have a lot of things I try to adapt by saying ok with what you have now, try to do this or make these changes, and try to just do the best... it is difficult... but try to do the best that I can with what they have, but again it’s always looking at social backgrounds and seeing if they need to be referred to social workers. Dietician.
The other interviewed health care providers saw their roles in advising patients on their diets as very circumscribed:
So, as a clinician, right, my job, is NOT to talk about diet, not to talk about diet, unless I felt I need to reinforce that a patient needed to follow a diet. Doctor 1.
This constrained role seemed to be shaped by the limited time and limited perceived impact of provider-patient interactions:
It’s so depressing, it’s so depressing, it’s so depressing because you really want to change people, change people’s view of the world and you can’t in the 10, 15 min that you spend with them. So a lot of the time you do your whole talk and you think you’re connecting and you say “so can you tell me what I’ve just been talking about? Like blank. OK... So we got nowhere, and I just give up. Doctor 3
The role of providers were profoundly informed by the limitations of training, capacity, and by health systems challenges.
Lack of safety nets
Health care providers were acutely aware of their patients’ needs, and acknowledged the widespread dietary needs in the community. They noted an absence of NGO and state safety nets to support patients.
I don’t have too many places to send them, when I find something… We have a lot more population in our area and whereas before the food fund fed maybe xyz monthly, now it’s not xyz anymore, it’s xyz and their entire families.... um... so that food just doesn’t.... and the funding seems to have dried up... Nurse 1
So [NGO name] provides Food parcels. And then the um.... what do you call it. and the place used to give the already cooked food.... they’ve apparently stopped that? …But it’s sad because those were the only two options we knew of. So we have a lot of people who just DON’T have anything to eat Doctor 5.
Referral to social services was a viewed as a problematic safety net. Providers repeatedly raised the limited scope and very limited responsiveness of Department of Social Development as a concern.
the people don’t have a lot of faith in Social development, in the social workers...not at all. I have absolutely zero faith in the social workers. Because I’ve referred patients there .... several times.... I never get feedback. They NEVER phone me back. I have to drive there and physically go and talk to them if I want anything done... Doctor 5
This perception of lack of state or other safety nets meant that referrals were unlikely to yield meaningful support to patients. In this context, providers expressed insights relating to the role of the health system, and the health care providers.
Perspectives of health systems’ constraints
Health care providers described several health systems issues as central to patients’ experiences of NCDs, namely: continued prioritisation of infectious diseases; short appointment times, complex health needs, provider turnover, and language barriers.
One provider noted.
it’s for us as clinic it’s a much higher priority for them to go and recall the patients that are failing their ARVs or not coming to their appointments, rather than having them do BP checks. [sure] so in our community... probably our priority... like our priority is still with communicable diseases... with TB and HIV... and the priority hasn’t quite shifted to there yet. Doctor 5
The capacity of the single dietician was extremely limited. Not only was just one, newly qualified dietician responsible for all patients in a hospital and three clinics, but until this year the post was a community service post, which meant that the facilities had had a different newly qualified dietician each year. The dietician therefore had a large caseload and significant responsibility with very limited support: This meant that one new dietician had a large caseload and very significant responsibility:
Especially coming into straight after university and there not being another dietician here, and no-one really handing over to you... so you’re just like how am I going to do this? Where do I start?! so it did take a few months and then I eventually got a system going…Dietician.
The interviewees working in the hospital setting noted that continuity of care between practitioners was important for the treatment of NCDs, but was not possible given structural constraints:
The problem that we have is... and we’re addressing it... is that up until recently ... the patient never saw the same doctor. … what we’re trying very hard to do [now] is to have patients see the same doctor each time so there is a consistent pattern as to how that patient is. Doctor 1
The challenges of continuity of care was also between hospital and clinic care. Municipal government typically administer primary care clinics, whereas provincial government administers larger hospitals. Health care providers described challenges related to attempting to create continuity of care between the two structures. Providers found it complicated to address referral needs and making sure pharmacy filled prescriptions correctly. For example, one doctor reported the need for diabetic referrals to optometry, while another referred to prescriptions being cancelled at one pharmacy, yet continued at another:
maybe someone’s on treatment at their local clinic and then we discover “oh! this person actual has renal failure let’s change your meds [….]so then there’s a disconnect because now we have stopped these medicines but then they go to the clinic and they keep on collecting them […] then they came in again with a second hypoglycaemic episode which is potentially dangerous... life threatening… Doctor 4
NCD patients who were stable could also receive medication in NCD adherence clubs, which were run in a government-non-governmental partnership:
like for the clubs they come twice or three times for the blood visit or the clinical visit when we do a physical check-up and then we take bloods once or two times a year, and then for the other visits they just go and collect their medication. Sometimes they don’t even come to the facility. so it’s good they go to the [NGO name] and just collect their medication. Nurse 2.
Providers often found it difficult to discuss illness, diet or treatment in any depth with patients, because of language barriers, given that most providers received just 1 year of language training in isiXhosa and Afrikaans.
… the population here at [hospital] is quite diverse … we have Somalis and Malawians and Mozambicans and Zimbabweans.... um.... and um. We see this mix of people along with the Xhosas and coloured people and the white people so we have a lot of diversity. Doctor 2
Provider recommendations
When asked for recommendations to improve NCDs, providers described a range of potential interventions, ranging from dietary education in the clinic waiting room, to urban agriculture, to BMI taxation. More than being necessarily practical interventions, these recommendations reveal that health care providers’ view of dr-NCDs involves prudence, choice, and lack of motivation: where they feel patients needed to be educated to make better dietary choices, that poor individuals should pursue urban agriculture, and even that high BMI is enough of a choice to warrant taxing those with higher BMI.
While initially discussing subsidization of healthy food, another provider shifted to suggesting the value of taxing obesity, which again assumes a high level of choice related to obesity:
Japan has a weight tax... so you pay extra tax depending on your BMI, depending on your waist circumference ...I wonder how that will go down in this country. Rather than taxing things like petrol .... Doctor 2
This recommendation has class implications given that wealthy individuals have access to highly palatable healthy food, and opportunities to exercise. Providers expressed a sense that choice drove good diets and healthy weights when they emphasized the need for patient education. Providers made concrete suggestions for affordable, brief educational interventions in the mornings at one clinic:
I think the education is a big thing… I mean little things. I mean if someone with more knowledge could do a little talk in the mornings... because we need .... when you get to [neighbourhood] at 8 o’clock, there’s a hundred people sitting. So I mean it would be such a little thing for a dietician or someone to come and do a general talk about healthy eating, and just to replace... small things ... white bread with brown bread... just little things like that.... um. I mean I think that would make a big difference. Doctor 5
Similarly, providers suggested gardening, and keeping hens, while acknowledging space constraints. This recommendation on the one hand highlighted the potential of eggs as protein, but also downplayed the role of the built environment and living environment in shaping and constraining the consumption of fresh produce.
I think it would be wonderful if... if ... more people could grow their own stuff... and it’s proven that in a postage stamp type garden you can actually be .... if you plant carefully... you can actually be quite good. um... it would be wonderful if people keep their own two hens. To lay, eggs. Um. because I really don’t think meat is that important as a ...I think the veggies is far more important... and rather going for more grain type things... and beans. Bean type protein. Nurse 1
It was evident that some health care providers were grappling with significant tensions in this perspective. For example, when discussing wellness and exercise programmes, a provider simultaneously raised the issues of safety:
I think there are ... there are many potential things... I know at some point the national health was trying do like a wellness thing and at various hospitals staff and patients started doing some exercise and that sort of thing. so you could have you could have if you could train get the physio to run a small class and train people how to run a class you could run at every church and every community hall some sort of exercise programme, on a regular basis. Because some people have the impression that going to the gym is the only way to get exercise. But it also depends what community you’re in because in [neighbourhood name], people fear for their lives if they walk in the streets I have had people tell me quite openly I know I’m supposed to exercise but I don’t and I can’t ... because people get shot. If you walk in the street you get shot. and it’s like ... it’s not far from the truth. Doctor 2
Only once did a provider discuss structural change, and the need for significant structural support for patients with very low incomes, and this was only when asked direct follow up about social development:
Oh yes competent social development people. Really I feel the commitment is not there. Honestly... most of the nurses will not refer a patient... to social worker... they’ll come and ask me because they don’t even know who they are, where they are, what the number is. and I mean that’s terrible. Because I mean in a clinic that’s where we would...that’s where all the problems go [and then um in terms of uh there being opportunities for soup kitchens and food parcels, the food parcels are very haphazard right now] and very much appreciated when they are available Doctor 5
This recommendation highlighted the need for very basic safety nets in the community, including basic food parcels. Nevertheless, overall health care providers’ recommendations suggest underlying perceptions of obesity or poor diet as a choice, or patients being generally unaware of their poor choices.