From: Changes in sedentary behaviour in European Union adults between 2002 and 2017
Gender | 2002 | 2005 | 2013 | 2017 | 2002–2017 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Sample | SB (%) | 95% CI | Z-score | p-value | Sample | SB (%) | 95% CI | Z-score | p-value | Sample | SB (%) | 95% CI | Z-score | p-value | Sample | SB (%) | 95% CI | Z-score | p-value | χ2 | p-value | ||
EU | Mend | n = 7082 | 51.2 | 50.0–52.4 | 4.59 | < 0.001 | n = 11,286 | 49.4 | 48.5–50.3 | 4.67 | < 0.001 | n = 12,063 | 52.7 | 51.8–53.7 | 3.27 | < 0.001 | n = 12,115 | 55.8 | 54.9–56.8 | 4.45 | < 0.001 | 311,002 | < 0.001 |
Womenc,d | n = 8281 | 47.6 | 46.6–48.7 | n = 15,127 | 46.5 | 45.8–47.3 | n = 14,925 | 50.7 | 49.8–51.5 | n = 15,125 | 53.1 | 52.2–53.8 | 374,081 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
Country | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Austria | Menc,d | n = 387 | 41.1 | 36.2–46.0 | 0.54 | 0.59 | n = 477 | 50.7 | 45.9–55.3 | 2.83 | < 0.001 | n = 476 | 58.6 | 53.8–63.0 | 0.33 | 0.74 | n = 477 | 65.4 | 61.2–69.6 | 1.43 | 0.15 | 137,597 | < 0.001 |
Womenb,c,d | n = 592 | 39.4 | 35.6–43.4 | n = 504 | 59.7 | 55.6–63.9 | n = 530 | 59.6 | 55.5–63.6 | n = 534 | 61.1 | 56.9–65.5 | 149,116 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
Belgium | Menb | n = 510 | 49.6 | 45.1–53.5 | 1.14 | 0.26 | n = 469 | 60.6 | 56.3–65.0 | 3.64 | < 0.001 | n = 507 | 58.6 | 54.2–63.1 | 1.83 | 0.07 | n = 466 | 58.4 | 53.6–62.9 | 0.19 | 0.85 | 100,024 | < 0.001 |
Womend | n = 555 | 46.1 | 42.0–50.3 | n = 495 | 48.9 | 44.7–53.1 | n = 540 | 53.0 | 48.5–57.6 | n = 519 | 59.0 | 55.1–63.4 | 102,617 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
Bulgaria | Menc | n = 452 | 37.8 | 33.2–42.7 | 3.20 | < 0.001 | n = 468 | 54.9 | 50.2–59.2 | 1.79 | 0.07 | n = 459 | 50.3 | 45.8–54.9 | 3.11 | < 0.001 | 39,992 | < 0.001 | |||||
Womenc,d | n = 501 | 48.1 | 44.1–52.5 | n = 539 | 60.5 | 56.4–64.7 | n = 556 | 60.1 | 55.9–63.8 | 25,428 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
Croatia | Men | n = 395 | 50.4 | 45.3–54.9 | 1.11 | 0.27 | n = 439 | 55.6 | 50.8–60.4 | 0.25 | 0.80 | n = 442 | 55.4 | 51.1–60.0 | 2.38 | 0.02 | 4711 | 0.318 | |||||
Womenc | n = 571 | 46.8 | 42.7–51.0 | n = 553 | 54.8 | 50.6–59.0 | n = 576 | 47.9 | 44.1–52.1 | 10,229 | 0.037 | ||||||||||||
Cyprus | Menc | n = 198 | 57.1 | 50.0–63.1 | 1.57 | 0.11 | n = 225 | 52.4 | 45.8–59.1 | 0.18 | 0.86 | n = 216 | 52.8 | 45.8–59.3 | 2.11 | 0.04 | 35,839 | < 0.001 | |||||
Womenc | n = 275 | 49.8 | 44.0–55.6 | n = 258 | 51.6 | 45.3–57.4 | n = 271 | 43.2 | 37.3–49.1 | 35,577 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
Czech Republic | Men | n = 459 | 58.8 | 54.0–63.4 | 0.49 | 0.62 | n = 418 | 61.5 | 56.9–66.0 | 1.07 | 0.28 | n = 430 | 61.6 | 57.2–66.3 | 0.28 | 0.78 | 24,993 | < 0.001 | |||||
Women | n = 536 | 57.3 | 53.0–61.2 | n = 580 | 58.1 | 54.7–62.1 | n = 581 | 62.5 | 58.5–66.4 | 49,404 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
Denmark | Men | n = 489 | 66.1 | 62.0–70.3 | 0.70 | 0.48 | n = 523 | 66.9 | 62.9–70.9 | 2.27 | 0.02 | n = 483 | 72.1 | 67.9–75.8 | 0.26 | 0.80 | n = 510 | 69.0 | 65.3–73.1 | 1.21 | 0.23 | 31,976 | < 0.001 |
Womenc | n = 499 | 68.1 | 63.9–72.1 | n = 488 | 60.0 | 55.5–64.5 | n = 509 | 71.3 | 67.6–75.0 | n = 486 | 65.4 | 60.9–69.7 | 32,921 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
Estonia | Mend | n = 311 | 49.5 | 44.1–55.3 | 1.08 | 0.28 | n = 399 | 54.6 | 49.6–59.4 | 0.55 | 0.58 | n = 344 | 59.0 | 54.1–64.2 | 0.82 | 0.41 | 36,826 | < 0.001 | |||||
Womend | n = 644 | 53.3 | 49.4–57.1 | n = 594 | 56.4 | 52.5–60.4 | n = 642 | 61.7 | 57.9–65.4 | 16,464 | 0.002 | ||||||||||||
Finland | Mena | n = 414 | 63.3 | 58.7–68.4 | 1.03 | 0.30 | n = 399 | 56.1 | 51.1–61.4 | 2.02 | 0.04 | n = 429 | 61.5 | 57.1–66.2 | 0.00 | 1.00 | n = 493 | 54.2 | 49.5–58.6 | 0.74 | 0.46 | 17,986 | 0.006 |
Womenc | n = 563 | 60.0 | 56.0–64.1 | n = 583 | 49.6 | 45.5–53.7 | n = 525 | 61.5 | 57.5–65.7 | n = 515 | 51.8 | 47.4–56.1 | 33,536 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
France | Mend | n = 480 | 46.3 | 42.1–50.6 | 1.79 | 0.07 | n = 444 | 42.1 | 37.8–46.8 | 0.84 | 0.40 | n = 461 | 49.9 | 45.3–54.4 | 0.46 | 0.64 | n = 433 | 54.0 | 49.7–58.7 | 1.71 | 0.09 | 35,693 | < 0.001 |
Womenc,d | n = 531 | 40.7 | 36.2–45.2 | n = 542 | 39.5 | 35.1–43.7 | n = 541 | 48.4 | 44.0–52.5 | n = 558 | 48.6 | 44.4–52.7 | 37,430 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
Germany | Mend | n = 939 | 49.5 | 46.1–52.5 | 0.49 | 0.62 | n = 678 | 54.4 | 50.9–58.1 | 2.69 | 0.01 | n = 770 | 52.5 | 49.1–56.1 | 0.88 | 0.38 | n = 776 | 57.2 | 53.6–60.8 | 2.80 | 0.01 | 81,819 | < 0.001 |
Women | n = 1052 | 50.8 | 47.5–53.6 | n = 834 | 47.5 | 44.2–51.0 | n = 796 | 50.3 | 46.7–53.5 | n = 801 | 50.2 | 46.7–53.7 | 74,897 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
Great Britain | Menc,d | n = 333 | 45.7 | 40.5–51.1 | 0.97 | 0.33 | n = 469 | 48.2 | 43.5–53.1 | 0.76 | 0.45 | n = 458 | 60.7 | 56.3–65.3 | 2.54 | 0.01 | n = 505 | 57.2 | 52.9–61.4 | 2.50 | 0.01 | 83,335 | < 0.001 |
Womenc | n = 651 | 42.4 | 38.6–46.2 | n = 520 | 45.8 | 41.7–49.8 | n = 517 | 52.6 | 48.0–56.9 | n = 510 | 49.4 | 44.7–53.5 | 78,646 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
Greece | Menb | n = 481 | 49.9 | 44.9–53.6 | 0.67 | 0.50 | n = 417 | 67.2 | 62.6–71.9 | 1.54 | 0.12 | n = 469 | 59.5 | 54.8–64.0 | 2.17 | 0.03 | n = 442 | 62.9 | 58.6–67.4 | 0.50 | 0.62 | 39,455 | < 0.001 |
Womenb,d | n = 488 | 47.3 | 42.8–51.4 | n = 562 | 71.7 | 67.8–75.4 | n = 506 | 52.6 | 48.2–57.1 | n = 537 | 64.4 | 60.3–68.5 | 89,735 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
Hungary | Mend | n = 388 | 35.1 | 30.2–39.9 | 1.11 | 0.27 | n = 412 | 35.0 | 30.6–39.6 | 2.10 | 0.04 | n = 425 | 44.2 | 39.8–49.2 | 1.31 | 0.19 | 14,959 | 0.005 | |||||
Womend | n = 602 | 38.5 | 34.9–42.4 | n = 585 | 41.5 | 37.6–45.6 | n = 608 | 48.4 | 44.4–52.8 | 17,964 | 0.001 | ||||||||||||
Italy | Mena | n = 481 | 55.3 | 50.5–59.7 | 1.00 | 0.32 | n = 371 | 44.5 | 39.4–49.9 | 0.41 | 0.68 | n = 444 | 47.1 | 42.8–51.6 | 2.14 | 0.03 | n = 509 | 51.5 | 47.2–56.0 | 1.48 | 0.14 | 14,705 | 0.023 |
Womena,d | n = 514 | 52.1 | 47.7–56.4 | n = 598 | 43.1 | 39.1–47.0 | n = 565 | 40.4 | 36.1–44.4 | n = 517 | 56.1 | 52.0–60.3 | 39,341 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
Ireland | Mend | n = 461 | 40.1 | 35.8–44.5 | 0.06 | 0.95 | n = 427 | 42.2 | 37.5–47.1 | 2.42 | 0.02 | n = 429 | 49.0 | 44.1–53.4 | 3.73 | < 0.001 | n = 471 | 52.4 | 48.2–56.9 | 2.84 | < 0.001 | 100,620 | < 0.001 |
Womend | n = 494 | 40.5 | 36.0–44.9 | n = 541 | 34.6 | 30.3–38.4 | n = 550 | 37.1 | 33.1–41.1 | n = 514 | 43.4 | 39.3–47.5 | 56,911 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
Latvia | Men | n = 324 | 37.4 | 32.4–42.9 | 2.39 | 0.02 | n = 446 | 48.4 | 43.7–53.1 | 1.34 | 0.18 | n = 358 | 48.0 | 42.7–53.9 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 20,231 | < 0.001 | |||||
Women | n = 609 | 45.5 | 41.9–49.3 | n = 533 | 52.7 | 48.6–56.8 | n = 613 | 49.9 | 46.2–53.7 | 13,730 | 0.008 | ||||||||||||
Lithuania | Menc,d | n = 353 | 30.3 | 25.2–35.1 | 2.71 | 0.01 | n = 442 | 49.3 | 44.8–54.1 | 1.49 | 0.14 | n = 367 | 49.1 | 44.1–54.0 | 0.46 | 0.65 | 113,428 | < 0.001 | |||||
Womenc | n = 605 | 39.0 | 35.2–43.1 | n = 538 | 54.1 | 49.8–58.2 | n = 631 | 50.6 | 46.9–54.5 | 110,817 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
Luxembourg | Men | n = 272 | 55.9 | 50.0–61.8 | 2.74 | 0.01 | n = 194 | 57.7 | 51.0–64.4 | 3.50 | < 0.001 | n = 197 | 63.6 | 56.9–70.1 | 3.85 | < 0.001 | n = 196 | 57.1 | 50.5–63.8 | 1.73 | 0.08 | 18,303 | 0.006 |
Women | n = 308 | 44.5 | 39.0–50.0 | n = 278 | 41.4 | 35.6–47.1 | n = 293 | 45.7 | 40.3–51.5 | n = 289 | 49.1 | 43.3–55.0 | 18,322 | 0.005 | |||||||||
Malta | Men | n = 157 | 43.3 | 36.3–51.0 | 4.82 | < 0.001 | n = 199 | 40.7 | 34.2–47.7 | 1.83 | 0.07 | n = 211 | 47.4 | 40.8–53.6 | 0.07 | 0.94 | 36,146 | < 0.001 | |||||
Womend | n = 326 | 22.1 | 18.1–26.4 | n = 297 | 32.7 | 27.6–38.0 | n = 289 | 47.1 | 41.5–52.9 | 68,420 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
Poland | Mena | n = 413 | 51.6 | 47.0–56.7 | 0.35 | 0.73 | n = 382 | 42.2 | 36.9–47.4 | 0.64 | 0.52 | n = 396 | 48.7 | 43.7–53.8 | 1.69 | 0.09 | 22,746 | < 0.001 | |||||
Womena | n = 537 | 52.7 | 48.4–57.0 | n = 604 | 44.2 | 40.2–48.3 | n = 585 | 43.3 | 39.1–47.2 | 22,650 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
Portugal | Mend | n = 432 | 33.3 | 28.9–38.2 | 1.43 | 0.15 | n = 387 | 26.9 | 22.2–31.3 | 1.16 | 0.25 | n = 461 | 37.7 | 33.0–42.1 | 2.19 | 0.03 | n = 435 | 47.1 | 42.5–51.7 | 1.55 | 0.12 | 63,050 | < 0.001 |
Womend | n = 517 | 29.0 | 25.3–33.1 | n = 581 | 23.6 | 20.3–27.0 | n = 576 | 31.3 | 27.4–35.1 | n = 633 | 42.3 | 38.4–46.1 | 97,001 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
Romania | Mend | n = 432 | 30.1 | 26.2–34.7 | 0.90 | 0.37 | n = 498 | 35.3 | 31.3–39.8 | 0.41 | 0.68 | n = 460 | 41.7 | 36.7–45.9 | 0.71 | 0.48 | 31,476 | < 0.001 | |||||
Womend | n = 528 | 27.5 | 23.7–31.1 | n = 489 | 36.6 | 32.3–40.9 | n = 514 | 39.5 | 34.8–43.6 | 30,620 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
Slovakia | Mend | n = 392 | 44.9 | 39.8–49.7 | 1.52 | 0.13 | n = 414 | 55.8 | 51.0–60.4 | 0.29 | 0.77 | n = 472 | 58.5 | 54.0–63.1 | 1.02 | 0.31 | 38,269 | < 0.001 | |||||
Women | n = 637 | 49.8 | 46.0–53.7 | n = 565 | 54.9 | 50.4–58.9 | n = 614 | 55.4 | 51.3–59.4 | 31,092 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
Slovenia | Menb | n = 434 | 47.7 | 43.1–52.1 | 0.44 | 0.66 | n = 455 | 35.4 | 31.2–40.0 | 0.26 | 0.80 | n = 463 | 43.0 | 38.7–47.3 | 1.58 | 0.11 | 25,593 | < 0.001 | |||||
Womenb,d | n = 551 | 46.3 | 41.9–50.3 | n = 641 | 34.6 | 31.0–38.2 | n = 553 | 47.9 | 43.6–52.1 | 48,760 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
Spain | Men | n = 452 | 43.8 | 39.2–48.7 | 0.19 | 0.85 | n = 422 | 42.7 | 37.9–46.9 | 0.89 | 0.37 | n = 464 | 46.3 | 41.8–50.4 | 1.79 | 0.07 | n = 447 | 48.8 | 44.1–53.5 | 1.69 | 0.09 | 67,644 | < 0.001 |
Women | n = 486 | 44.4 | 40.5–49.0 | n = 565 | 39.8 | 36.1–43.7 | n = 526 | 40.7 | 36.7–45.2 | n = 555 | 43.4 | 39.5–47.7 | 50,332 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
Sweden | Mend | n = 464 | 60.8 | 56.5–64.7 | 2.05 | 0.04 | n = 563 | 56.0 | 51.9–60.0 | 1.34 | 0.18 | n = 503 | 65.4 | 61.0–69.4 | 0.19 | 0.85 | n = 543 | 66.9 | 63.0–70.9 | 0.68 | 0.49 | 33,950 | < 0.001 |
Womenc,d | n = 523 | 54.3 | 49.9–58.7 | n = 458 | 51.8 | 47.2–56.3 | n = 488 | 66.0 | 62.1–70.1 | n = 491 | 68.8 | 65.2–72.7 | 53,305 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
The Netherlands | Mend | n = 487 | 66.5 | 62.4–70.6 | 4.55 | < 0.001 | n = 493 | 74.0 | 70.0–78.1 | 4.36 | < 0.001 | n = 458 | 74.2 | 70.5–77.9 | 0.38 | 0.70 | n = 533 | 82.0 | 79.2–85.2 | 1.73 | 0.08 | 52,244 | < 0.001 |
Womenc,d | n = 508 | 52.4 | 48.0–56.7 | n = 501 | 61.1 | 57.1–65.3 | n = 544 | 73.2 | 69.3–76.8 | n = 469 | 77.6 | 73.8–81.2 | 129,678 | < 0.001 |