Skip to main content
Download PDF

Psychometric properties of the health-promoting lifestyle profile II: cross-cultural validation of the Malay language version

BMC Public Health volume 19, Article number: 751 (2019) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Health-promoting behaviour is an important concept for health education. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of validated instruments to measure levels of health-promoting behaviour in the Malaysian context. The purpose of this study was to validate a Malay-language version of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) using a confirmatory approach.

Methods

Participants were 997 university undergraduate students, with a mean age of 21 years (SD = 1.58). The majority of the participants (80.4%) were female. Health-promoting behaviour was assessed using the 52-item HPLP-II, which measures six components of health-promoting behaviour outcomes. HPLP-II was translated into the Malay language using standard forward and backward translation procedures. Participants then completed the HPLP-II Malay version (HPLP-II-M). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted using Mplus 8.0 software on the six domains of HPLP-II-M model.

Results

The CFA result based on the hypothesised measurement model of six factors was aligned with the original HPLP-II, except for two low loading items which were subsequently removed from the CFA analysis. The final CFA measurement model with 50 items resulted in a good fit to the data based on RMSEA and SRMR fit indices (RMSEA = 0.046, 90%CI = 0.045, 0.048, SRMR = 0.062). The construct reliabilities for the HPLP-II-M subscales were acceptable, ranging from 0.737 to 0.878.

Conclusion

The HPLP-II-M with six components of health-promoting behaviour outcomes and 50 items was considered valid and reliable for the present Malaysian sample.

Peer Review reports

Background

The global increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases is a public health problem which has the potential to overwhelm healthcare systems worldwide [1,2,3]. Health promotion, as reflected in a healthy lifestyle, is an integral part of disease prevention [4, 5]. Health-promoting behaviour has been associated not only with improved physical and mental health outcomes [6,7,8,9], but also with lower healthcare costs [10].

Evaluation of health-promoting behaviour is essential in primary care research to provide data for preventive interventions, facilitate policy-making and empower patients’ self-management of their health behaviours. Such research necessitates the use of reliable and valid measurement tools, which serve to enhance the international comparability of health data. The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) is a widely-used instrument for evaluation of health behaviour [11, 12] which has been validated in multiple studies [13,14,15]. Based on Pender’s Health Promotion Model, it conceptualises an individual’s health-promoting lifestyle in terms of the following dimensions; health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual growth, interpersonal relations and stress management.

The HPLP-II has been translated and psychometrically validated across several linguistic and cultural groups. The translated versions of HPLP-II include Portuguese [14], Chinese [16, 17], Spanish [18], Iranian [19], Japanese [20], Turkish [21], Italian [22] and Arabic [23]. Several abbreviated versions of HPLP-II have emerged from these studies, with the total number of items ranging from 26 to 51 items [16,17,18,19, 22]. These studies found the translated versions of HPLP-II to be valid and reliable. The majority of studies reported the validation results based on exploratory factor analysis and/or confirmatory factor analysis and internal consistency reliability based on Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.

The Malay language, which is the primary language of the Austronesian family and the official language of Malaysia, is spoken as a native language by more than 200 million people in South-East Asia [24, 25]. A Malay translation of the HPLP-II is essential for communities in which Malay is the predominant language spoken by that population. In places where Malay is the only medium of communication, it is imperative that healthcare providers use the language of the people. This is especially the case in rural areas, where underprivileged and low literacy populations are in dire need of health education [26,27,28].

Testing of validity and reliability of translated instruments is necessary because adaptation of a health behaviour instrument to different populations requires not only language, but linguistic and cultural adjustment [29]. Up to the present date, only the English version of HPLP-II has been validated among Malaysian populations [30]. Furthermore, the authors of that study only focused on three out of six subscales (i.e., health responsibility, nutrition and physical activity). Since Malay is the main language spoken by Malaysian populations and the previous validation study did not include the full 52 items of HPLP-II, there is a pressing need for a validated full version of the HPLP-II in Malay language. Our study aimed to translate the English version of HPLP-II into the Malay language and examine its psychometric properties among Malaysian population.

Methods

Participants

A total of 997 university undergraduate students in Universiti Sains Malaysia participated in this study. The majority were female (80.4%). The mean age of the participants was 21 years old (SD = 1.58). Most of the participants were ethnic Malays (77.5%).

Measures

The HPLP-II focuses on self-initiated actions and perceptions that serve to maintain or enhance the level of wellness, self-actualisation and fulfillment of the individual [31]. The HPLP-II has been translated into different languages and widely used in other studies [14, 16, 19, 32]. The internal consistency Cronbach alpha for the original English version of HPLP-II was satisfactory, with 0.94 for the total scale of HPLP-II, and from 0.79 to 0.87 for its six subscales [31].

The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II – Malay language (HPLP-II-M) is the translated version of the HPLP-II [30], consisting of 52 items that measure health-promoting behaviour or habits. It contains six domains or factors, namely health responsibility (nine items), physical activity (eight items), nutrition (nine items), spiritual growth (nine items), interpersonal relations (nine items), and stress management (eight items). It uses a four-point response scale that indicates respondents’ frequency of engaging in each behavior. Items are scored as 1 = “never”, 2 = “sometime”, 3 = “often”, 4 = “routinely”.

Questionnaire translation

Permission to use and translate the HPLP-II into Malay language was obtained from the main author. The original English language version of HPLP-II was translated into Malay language using the standard forward and backward translation procedure recommended by Brislin [33]. First, one of the bilingual authors familiar with the content did the forward translation (English to Malay), followed by a backward translation (Malay to English) by another bilingual expert. Next, a panel of five experts competent in both languages (consisting of a health psychologist, sport psychologist, clinician, experienced linguist and psychometric expert) reviewed the Malay translation from English, and English translation from Malay, comparing each item to the corresponding item on the original English version. The experts were also asked to check the content of HPLP-II-M to ensure that the items were culturally appropriate to the Malaysian population. The final version of HPLP-II-M was pre-tested among 10 university undergraduate students for clarity, comprehension and understanding. The students answered the HPLP-II-M questionnaire and were asked to comment on the wording and the presentation of the questionnaire. The result of the pre-test among the students was good and no modifications were necessary. A copy of the questionnaire (HPLP-II-M) is available in the Additional file 1.

Data collection

A cross-sectional study design was employed on the self-administered HPLP-II-M questionnaire. Convenience sampling method was used for recruitment of participants. Data collection was performed between October 2016 to January 2017 at Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia. The study was approved by the Universiti Sains Malaysia Human Research Ethics Committee and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Malaysian undergraduate students who comprehended the Malay language and were willing to complete the questionnaire during the data collection period were included in the study. Lectures which comprised of medical, dental and health sciences undergraduate students were identified. Students were briefed regarding the study at the end of their lectures. Study information sheets, the HPLP-II-M and a socio-demographic survey form were distributed to the students. The form contained several questions related to aspects of health behaviour, including age, gender, ethnicity, smoking status, presence of medical illness, physical activities and frequency per week of pursuing these activities.

Participants who volunteered to participate in the study completed the demographic sheet and the HPLP-II-M and returned it to the researcher. Participants’ responses were non-identifiable because the questionnaires were anonymous. Implied consent was obtained when participants completed and returned the questionnaire to the researchers. No incentives were given to the participants for the study. A total of 1100 questionnaires were distributed to the eligible participants and 997 completed questionnaires were returned to the researchers. The response rate was 91%.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were conducted using Mplus 8.0 software. Frequency analyses were used to identify missing values in each variable. All questionnaires included in the study were completed without any missing values. Multivariate normality assumption was checked, and results indicated that the data did not meet the assumption, based on Mardia multivariate skew (p < 0.001) and kurtosis (p < 0.001) tests. Therefore, for the subsequent confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the robust maximum likelihood estimator (MLR) was utilized, as this is robust to non-normality. To achieve good psychometric characteristics, high standardised factor loadings (> 0.40) are preferred [34]. Therefore, items with factor loadings less than 0.40 were examined and treated as potentially problematic items. Problematic items would be omitted only with adequate theoretical support. According to Hair et al., reporting various fit indices is necessary because there are no standard rules for assessment of model fit [35]. Based on the 6-factor structure and 52-item measurement model in the present study, the fit indices and its acceptable threshold value are as follows: the comparative fit index (CFI) and Tucker and Lewis index (TLI) with a desired value of more than 0.90; the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) with a desired value of less than 0.08; probability RMSEA with the desired value of more than 0.05; and the standardised root mean square (SRMR) with a desired value of less than 0.08 [35]. The construct reliability (CR) in a latent variable modeling approach was calculated for each factor in HPLP-II-M based on CR formula listed in a published study by Raykov and Marcoulides in 2015 [36]. The acceptable value of CR is above 0.70 [35]. Discriminant validity was checked by inspecting the correlation between the factors in the model. Discriminant validity is established when the correlation between factors is below 0.85.

Results

Characteristics of participants

On average, the participants engaged in physical activities twice a week, with each session lasting 30 min. The majority of participants did not have any illnesses and were non-smokers. Other descriptive statistics are presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Participants’ characteristics (n = 997)
Full size table

Descriptive statistics of the HPLP-II-M

Table 2 presents the frequency and percentage of the respondents for each item in the HPLP-II-M based on a 5-point Likert scale. The mean and standard deviation (SD) for each item in the HPLP-II-M are also presented.

Table 2 Descriptive statistics of items for the HPLP-II-M
Full size table

Measurement models of HPLP-II-M

Results of models tested with fit indices are summarised in Table 3. The hypothesised measurement model for HPLP-II-M consisted of six factors with 52 items. The number of items within each factor varied. The hypothesised measurement model fit the data well based on RMSEA and SRMR fit indices. Factor loadings ranged from 0.339 to 0.777 (see Table 4). There were two items with factor loading less than the acceptable value of 0.40. Item Q1 (Discuss my problems and concerns with people close to me), which had the lowest factor loading (0.339), was removed and the fit indices were re-examined (RMSEA = 0.045, 90%CI = 0.045, 0.048, CIfit = 1.000, SRMR = 0.062, CFI = 0.816, TLI = 0.806). The fit indices did not improve substantially. The CFI and TLI were below the threshold value of 0.90. The next item removed was Q50 (Eat breakfast), which had the factor loading of 0.373 after removing Q1. The fit indices of CFI and TLI were still below the threshold value of 0.90. The fit indices of the measurement model after removal of the two items are presented in Table 3 (Model 2). No further model modifications were considered important and theoretically appropriate in improving the fit indices, especially the CFI and TLI values, based on modification indices and residual variance between items.

Table 3 Summary of fit indices of measurement models for HPLP-II-M
Full size table
Table 4 Standardised factor loadings and construct reliabilities for measurement model 1 and 2 of HPLP-II-M
Full size table

The CR values for Model 1 ranged from 0.742 to 0.874, while that of Model 2 ranged from 0.737 to 0.878 (Table 4). The CR values did not improve the factors ‘interpersonal relations’ and ‘nutrition’ after removing the two low loading items (i.e., Q1 and Q50) in the measurement model. However, the reliabilities for all factors in Model 1 and Model 2 were considered satisfactory. The final measurement model of HPLP-II-M (Model 2) consisted of all 50 items and six factors in the present confirmatory study with removal of two items (i.e., Q1 and Q50) due to low factor loading.

Discriminant validity

The discriminant validity was checked based on the correlations among the factors. Table 5 presents the correlation value and its significant indication for Model 1. All the correlations were below the recommended cut-off point of 0.85, which indicated that the six health-promoting behaviour factors achieved good discriminant validity.

Table 5 Correlations between latent variables in Model 1 for HPLP-II-M
Full size table

Discussion

The development of the HPLP-II-M and evaluation of its validity and reliability is a vital step in the determination of health-promoting behaviour among the Malay-speaking population. The original English version of HPLP-II has been shown to be reliable, valid and stable across time based on previous studies [18, 37]. It has been widely translated and used to measure health-promoting behaviour in different study populations [16, 17, 38,39,40,41,42,43]. Although Malays comprise a significant proportion of the South East Asian population, there is a severe lack of validated tools in the Malay language to measure health-promoting behaviour. Our translation of the English HPLP-II into Malay (HPLP-II-M) fills this gap and will serve as a useful tool in health education, clinical management and research in populations where Malay is the lingua franca.

This study applied CFA, which is a type of structural equation modelling that deals specifically with measurement models. CFA examines the strength of the relationship between an observed measure and latent variables or factors, based on factor loading. When dealing with CFA, the number of factors is specified. CFA requires a strong conceptual foundation to guide the specification and evaluation of the factor model. It can be utilised in psychometric evaluation, detection of method effects, construct validation and also for the evaluation of measurement in variance. Since the factors and items of HPLP-II have been predetermined in previous studies, we conducted only a confirmatory study on the translated version of HPLP-II-M. In the confirmatory study, our aim was to confirm if the six-factor 52 item measurement model fit the data well. Our results confirm the validity and reliability of HPLP-II-M with 50 items, based on the CFA analysis. Furthermore, the discriminant validity of the factors in HPLP-II-M was found to be satisfactory, indicating that the latent variables in the CFA measurement model of HPLP-II-M contribute information which is not captured by the other latent variables.

Previous validation studies of HPLP-II reported varying total number of items which fit the CFA measurement model. For example, based on psychometric properties, Pérez-Fortis et al. retained 44 items for Spanish version [18], Teng et al., Meihan and Chung-Ngok retained 30 items and 51 items respectively for the Chinese version [16, 17], while Savarese et al. retained 26 items for the Italian version of the HPLP-II [22]. The present study retained 50 items in the final measurement model, after removal of two low factor loading items. Our CFA analysis of HPLP-II-M supported the six factor structure proposed by the authors of the original HPLP-II. These results are consistent with other studies of the psychometric properties of the HPLP-II in Chinese and Spanish samples [16, 18].

The two items (Q1 [interpersonal relations]: Discuss my problems and concerns with people close to me; Q50 [nutrition]: Eat breakfast) removed in the present study had factor loading lower than 0.40, which is the lowest threshold we identified in the present study. These items also were found to be problematic in other validation studies. Item Q1 was removed in the Chinese validation study during EFA stage [17], and item Q50 was removed in the Spanish study due to very low corrected item-total correlation value < 0.20 [18]. Item Q50 was also removed in the Italian study due to its contribution to low reliability of the scale [22] and Chinese validation study due to its insignificant factor loadings in a CFA analysis [16]. Removal of these items improved the fit of the model in those studies as well as in the present study.

The majority of previous studies reported the reliability of HPLP-II-M based on Cronbach alpha. The present study reported reliability based on the CR formula presented by Raykov and Marcoulides in 2015 [36]. CR has been recommended as a reliability test for CFA measurement model instead of Cronbach’s alpha [44]. This is due to the fact that Cronbach’s alpha can over- or underestimate scale reliability at the population level [45]. In the present study, the reliability value based on CR for all subscales of HPLP-II-M was satisfactory and above the recommended value of 0.70 [35]. In order to compare the reliability of HPLP-II-M with other published studies on HPLP-II, we computed the reliability of HPLP-II-M with 50 items based on Cronbach alpha. The reliability was satisfactory, with Cronbach alpha of 0.94 for overall scale, 0.87 for health responsibility, 0.81 for physical activity, 0.77 for nutrition, 0.81 for spiritual growth, 0.73 for interpersonal relations, and 0.74 for stress management. These results were consistent with the study conducted using the original English version of HPLP-II with 52 items. The overall reliability scale was reported as 0.94 and reliability for six subscales ranged from 0.79 to 0.87 [37].

The HPLP-II-M is an easily-administered instrument for evaluation of effectiveness of public health interventions on health-promoting behaviour. Strengths of our study include its large sample size and its multi-racial population of Malay-speaking participants. Few limitations of this study must be acknowledged. First, this was a cross-sectional study, which precludes the inference of any temporal relations. Longitudinal studies to examine the change and stability of HLPL-II-M across time will consolidate our findings [46]. A second limitation is the use of a self-reported questionnaire, which may be subject to response bias. In order to overcome this limitation, we emphasised the importance of honest feedback to the subjects prior to data collection. Given that the questionnaires were answered anonymously, the chances of participants responding in a socially acceptable manner were reduced. A third limitation is that the data consisted of mainly female students. This reflects the gender enrolment ratio of Malaysia’s public universities for the past two decades, in which females comprise almost two-thirds of the student population [47, 48]. Other previous studies in our university also observed a high proportion of female respondents, ranging from 63 to 81% [49,50,51,52]. To obtain an equal ratio of male and female respondents, future studies should utilize stratified sampling method rather than convenience sampling method. Finally, the study participants were undergraduate students, with ages ranging from 18 to 31 years old. Although an understanding of health-promoting behavior among young adults is important as it influences health choices in later life [53], further research should examine the replicability of the HPLP-II-M in more diverse Malay-speaking populations of varying ages, education levels, occupations and health.

Conclusion

The final measurement model for the HPLP-II-M questionnaire in the present sample consisted of 50 items and six subscales. Two items with low factor loading items were removed in the present confirmatory study. Future research on health-promoting behaviour among populations where Malay is the major language can utilize the HPLP-II-M, interpreting their responses within the six-factor framework of subscales.

Availability of data and materials

Please contact corresponding author for dataset requests.

Abbreviations

CFA:

Confirmatory factor analysis

CFI:

Comparative fit index

CR:

Construct reliability

HPLP-II:

Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II

HPLP-II-M:

Malay version of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II

MLR:

Robust maximum likelihood estimator

RMSEA:

Root mean square error of approximation

SD:

Standard deviation

SRMR:

Standardised root mean square

TLI:

Tucker-lewis index

References

  1. Popkin BM, Horton S, Kim S, Mahal A, Shuigao J. Trends in diet, nutritional status, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases in China and India: the economic costs of the nutrition transition. Nutr Rev. 2001;59(12):379–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Glasgow S, Schrecker T. The double burden of neoliberalism? Noncommunicable disease policies and the global political economy of risk. Health Place. 2016;39:204–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Kostova D, Husain MJ, Sugerman D, Hong Y, Saraiya M, Keltz J, et al. Synergies between communicable and noncommunicable disease programs to enhance global health security. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23 Suppl 1:S40.

  4. Choo J, Kang H. Predictors of initial weight loss among women with abdominal obesity: a path model using self-efficacy and health-promoting behaviour. J Adv Nurs. 2015;71(5):1087–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Turan TN, Al Kasab S, Nizam A, Lynn MJ, Harrell J, Derdeyn CP, et al. Relationship between risk factor control and compliance with a lifestyle modification program in the stenting aggressive medical management for prevention of recurrent stroke in intracranial stenosis trial. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018;27(3):801–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Suda M, Nakayama K, Morimoto K. Relationship between behavioral lifestyle and mental health status evaluated using the GHQ-28 and SDS questionnaires in Japanese factory workers. Ind Health. 2007;45(3):467–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Aaby A, Friis K, Christensen B, Rowlands G, Maindal HT. Health literacy is associated with health behaviour and self-reported health: a large population-based study in individuals with cardiovascular disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2017;24(17):1880–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Small GW, Silverman DH, Siddarth P, Ercoli LM, Miller KJ, Lavretsky H, et al. Effects of a 14-day healthy longevity lifestyle program on cognition and brain function. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14(6):538–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Mikkelsen K, Stojanovska L, Polenakovic M, Bosevski M, Apostolopoulos V. Exercise and mental health. Maturitas. 2017;106:48–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Myers J, Doom R, King R, Fonda H, Chan K, Kokkinos P, Rehkopf DH. Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and health care costs: the veterans exercise testing study. Mayo Clin Proc; 2018 Jan 1 (Vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 48-55). Elsevier.

  11. Chuang SP, Wu JYW, Wang CS, Pan LH. Health-promoting lifestyles and psychological distress associated with well-being in community adults. Am J Health Behav. 2017;41(4):446–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Lolokote S, Hidru TH, Li X. Do socio-cultural factors influence college students’ self-rated health status and health-promoting lifestyles? A cross-sectional multicenter study in Dalian, China. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Walker S, Sechrist K, Pender N. The health-promoting lifestyle profile: development and psychometric characteristics. Nurs Res. 1987;36(2):76–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Sousa P, Gaspar P, Vaz DC, Gonzaga S, Dixe MA. Measuring health-promoting behaviors: cross-cultural validation of the health-promoting lifestyle profile-II. In J Nurs Knowl. 2015;26(2):54–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Tanjani PT, Azadbakht M, Garmaroudi G, Sahaf R, Fekrizadeh Z. Validity and reliability of health promoting lifestyle profile ii in the Iranian elderly. Int J Prev Med. 2016;7:74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Meihan L, Chung-Ngok W. Validation of the psychometric properties of the health-promoting lifestyle profile in a sample of Taiwanese women. Qual Life Res. 2011;20(4):523–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Teng HL, Yen M, Fetzer S. Health promotion lifestyle profile-II: Chinese version short form. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(8):1864–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Pérez-Fortis A, Ulla Diez SM, Padilla JL. Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the health-promoting lifestyle profile II. Res Nurs Health. 2012;35(3):301–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Mohamadian H, Ghannaee M, Kortdzanganeh J, Meihan L. Reliability and construct validity of the Iranian version of health-promoting lifestyle profile in a female adolescent population. Int J Prev Med. 2013;4(1):42.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Wei CN, Yonemitsu H, Harada K, Miyakita T, Omori S, Miyabayashi T, et al. A Japanese language version of the health-promoting lifestyle profile. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi (Japanese J Hyg). 2000;54(4):597–606.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Pinar R, Celik R, Bahcecik N. Reliability and construct validity of the health-promoting lifestyle profile II in an adult Turkish population. Nurs Res. 2009;58(3):184–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Savarese G, Carpinelli L, Cavallo P, Vitale MP. Italian psychometric validation of the multidimensional students’ health-promoting lifestyle profile scale. Health. 2018;10:1554–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Haddad LG, Al-Ma'aitah RM, Cameron SJ, Armstrong-Stassen M. An Arabic language version of the health promotion lifestyle profile. Public Health Nurs. 1998;15(2):74–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Collins JT, Ahmad Z. The Malay language and ethnic identity in modern Malaysia. Akademika. 1999;55(1).

  25. Prentice DJ. Malay (Indonesian and Malaysian). In: Comrie B, editor. The world's major languages. New York: Oxford University Press; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Das S, Mia MN, Hanifi SMA, Hoque S, Bhuiya A. Health literacy in a community with low levels of education: findings from Chakaria, a rural area of Bangladesh. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Golboni F, Nadrian H, Najafi S, Shirzadi S, Mahmoodi H. Urban–rural differences in health literacy and its determinants in Iran: a community-based study. Aust J Rural Health. 2018;26(2):98–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Wang C, Lang J, Xuan L, Li X, Zhang L. The effect of health literacy and self-management efficacy on the health-related quality of life of hypertensive patients in a western rural area of China: a cross-sectional study. Int J Equity Health. 2017;16(1):58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Hambleton RK, Merenda PF, Spielberger CD. Issues, designs, and technical guidelines for adapting tests into multiple languages and cultures. Adapting educational and psychological tests for cross-cultural assessment. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2004. p. 15–50.

  30. Lim BC, Kueh YC, Arifin WN, Ng KH. Validation of health promoting lifestyle profile-II: a confirmatory study with a Malaysian undergraduate students sample. Educ Med J. 2016;8(2):65–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Walker SN, Sechrist KR, Pender NJ. Health promotion model-instruments to measure health promoting lifestyle: health-promoting lifestyle profile [HPLP II](adult version). 1995. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/85349/HPLP_II-background_and_permission.pdf?sequence=1&isallowed=y. Accessed 1 Jan 2018.

  32. Cheng J, Wang T, Li F, Xiao Y, Bi J, Chen J, et al. Self-rated health status and subjective health complaints associated with health-promoting lifestyles among urban Chinese women: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0117940.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Brislin RW. Back-translation for cross-cultural research. J Cross-Cult Psychol. 1970;1(3):185–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. DeVon HA, Block ME, Moyle-Wright P, Ernst DM, Hayden SJ, Lazzara DJ, et al. A psychometric toolbox for testing validity and reliability. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2007;39(2):155–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Hair J, Black W, Babin B. Anderson. RE, 2010. Multivariate data analysis. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall; 2010.

  36. Raykov T, Marcoulides GA. Scale reliability evaluation under multiple assumption violations. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J. 2016;23(2):302–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Walker S, Hill-Polerecky D. Psychometric evaluation of the health-promoting lifestyle profile II. Unpublished manuscript, University of Nebraska Medical Center. 1996:120–126.

  38. Mohamadian H, Eftekhar AH, Taghdisi MH, Mousavi GA, Sabahi BM. Psychometric properties of the health-promoting lifestyle profile (HPLP II) in a sample of Iranian adolescents. 2013. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=296069. Accessed 1 April 2019.

  39. Neville K, Cole DA. The relationships among health promotion behaviors, compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction in nurses practicing in a community medical center. J Nurs Adm. 2013;43(6):348–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Wei C-N, Harada K, Ueda K, Fukumoto K, Minamoto K, Ueda A. Assessment of health-promoting lifestyle profile in Japanese university students. Environ Health Prev Med. 2012;17(3):222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Baygi F, Jensen OC, Mohammadi-Nasrabadi F, Qorbani M, Mansourian M, Mirkazemi R, et al. Factors affecting health-promoting lifestyle profile in Iranian male seafarers working on tankers. Int Marit Health. 2017;68(1):1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Gedik Z. Self-compassion and health-promoting lifestyle behaviors in college students. Psychol Health Med. 2019;24(1):108–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Tajik M, Galvão HM, Siqueira CE. Health survey instrument development through a community-based participatory research approach: health promoting lifestyle profile (HPLP-II) and brazilian immigrants in greater Boston. J Immigr Minor Health. 2010;12(3):390–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Wang J, Wang X. Structural equation modeling: applications using Mplus. United Kingdom. West Sussex: Wiley; 2012.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  45. Raykov T. Coefficient alpha and composite reliability with interrelated nonhomogeneous items. Appl Psychol Meas. 1998;22(4):375–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Koch T, Schultze M, Eid M, Geiser C. A longitudinal multilevel CFA-MTMM model for interchangeable and structurally different methods. Front Psychol. 2014;5:311.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development. Measuring and monitoring gender equality: Malaysia's Gender Gap Index. 2007. https://www.undp.org/content/dam/malaysia/docs/WomenE/MGGI_report.pdf. Accessed 1 March 2019.

  48. Tienxhi JY. The gender gap in Malaysian public universities: examining the'Lost Boys'. J Int Comp Educ (JICE). 2017:1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Chai S, Kueh YC, Yaacob NM, Kuan G. Psychometric properties of the malay version of the goal content for exercise questionnaire among undergraduate students at the health campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Malays J Med Sci. 2019;26(1):115.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Kuan G, Abdullah N, Kueh YC, Ismail M, Shafei MN, Morris T. Co-curricular activities and motives for participating in physical activity among health sciences students at Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. Malays J Med Sci. 2019;26(1):138.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Liu KT, Kueh YC, Arifin WN, Kim Y, Kuan G. Application of transtheoretical model on behavioral changes, and amount of physical activity among university’s students. Front Psychol. 2018;9.

  52. Kueh YC, Kuan G, Morris T. The physical activity and leisure motivation scale: a confirmatory study of the Malay language version. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2017:1–16.

  53. Wang D, Ou CQ, Chen MY, Duan N. Health-promoting lifestyles of university students in mainland China. BMC Public Health. 2009 Dec;9(1):379.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the students who volunteer to complete the survey.

Funding

This research was supported by a Research University Individual, Universiti Sains Malaysia (1001/PPSP/8012250). The funding body had no role in the design of the study, data collection, analysis and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

    Garry Kuan

  2. Unit of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

    Yee Cheng Kueh & Nurzulaikha Abdullah

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

    Evelyn Li Min Tai

  4. Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

    Evelyn Li Min Tai

Authors
  1. Garry Kuan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yee Cheng Kueh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nurzulaikha Abdullah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Evelyn Li Min Tai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed in designing and planning the study. GK led data collection and data entry. GK, YCK, NA and ELMT analysed, interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript. All authors read, revised and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yee Cheng Kueh.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The conduct of this study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Universiti Sains Malaysia. Implied consent was obtained when participants who volunteered had returned the completed survey to the researchers. This type of consent refers to consent, which is not expressly granted by a person, but rather, is implicitly granted by a person’s actions.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Additional file

Additional file 1:

The Malay version of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II. (PDF 60 kb)

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kuan, G., Kueh, Y.C., Abdullah, N. et al. Psychometric properties of the health-promoting lifestyle profile II: cross-cultural validation of the Malay language version. BMC Public Health 19, 751 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7109-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7109-2

Keywords

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us