Does coffee drinking have beneficial effects on bone health of Taiwanese adults? A longitudinal study

BMC Public Health

Table 5 Multiple linear regression analysis showing the association between coffee drinking and T-scores among premenopausal and postmenopausal women

Variables	Premenopausal women		Postmenopausal women
Variables	β	P-value	β	P-value
Coffee drinking (Ref: No)
Medium	0.233	0.0355*	0.037	0.7061
High	0.234	0.0152*	−0.088	0.4108
P-trend	0.0108*		0.5399
Age group (Ref: 30–49 years)
50–69	−0.218	0.0881	−0.565	<.0001*
≥ 70	–	–	−0.983	<.0001*
Educational (Ref: College and above)
Senior high school	−0.249	0.0123*	−0.010	0.9563
Junior high school	−0.255	0.0510	−0.195	0.2658
Elementary and below	−0.388	0.0255*	−0.123	0.4573
BMI (Ref: Normal)
Underweight	−0.134	0.5282	−0.430	0.1036
Overweight	0.209	0.1216	0.033	0.7723
Obese	0.218	0.2334	0.052	0.7139
Smoking (Ref: Never)
Quit	0.668	0.0808	−0.801	0.4042
Yes	0.465	0.0605	−0.148	0.6212
Drinking (Ref: Never)
Quit	0.096	0.8942	–	–
Yes	−0.025	0.9083	−0.048	0.8694
Exercise (Ref: No)
Yes	−0.028	0.7542	0.090	0.2737
Vegetarian diet (Ref: No)
Yes	0.024	0.7706	0.019	0.6070
Personal disease history
Diabetes	−0.306	0.3908	− 0.244	0.1732
Hypertension	0.327	0.1440	−0.052	0.6207
Heart disease	0.241	0.3829	−0.187	0.3447
Hyperlipidemia	−0.295	0.2992	0.206	0.1420
Stroke	0.200	0.8335	2.624	0.0055*
Supplements
Vitamin D (Ref: No)
Yes	−0.242	0.3356	0.045	0.8370
Other vitamins (Ref: No)
Yes	−0.116	0.5060	0.046	0.7087
Calcium (Ref: No)
Yes	0.039	0.7670	−0.088	0.3244

*P < 0.05. Adjusted for age, education, BMI, smoking, drinking, exercise, vegetarian diet, vitamin D, other vitamins, calcium, blood type, fasting blood glucose, creatinine, uric acid, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, GOT, GPT, SBP, DBP, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, body fat, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, hyperlipidemia and stroke

ISSN: 1471-2458