Table 1 Sample characteristics of each disease group
| Â | COPD | Arthritis | Heart disease | Diabetes | No disease |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | n = 1199 (3.5) | n = 8582 (25.3) | n = 4109 (12.1) | n = 1254 (3.7) | n = 18,811 (55.4) |
Age, mean years (SD) | 61.6 (13.3) | 61.2 (12.4) | 68.9 (12.0) | 63.4 (12.4) | 51.6 (12.7) |
Female sex (%) | 51.7 | 70.4 | 36.8 | 48.6 | 48.8 |
Housing | |||||
 Live with others (%) | 75.3 | 79.3 | 76.0 | 77.4 | 88.3 |
 Missing observations, n | 211 | 1356 | 592 | 185 | 3624 |
Occupation | |||||
 With low educational requirements (%) | 78.9 | 77.1 | 81.0 | 78.5 | 72.3 |
Smoking habits | |||||
 Previous smoker (%) | 18.6 | 37.4 | 32.4 | 41.4 | 47.2 |
 Smoke daily (%) | 44.8 | 31.5 | 47.7 | 38.8 | 29.7 |
 Smoke occasionally (%) | 31.1 | 20.4 | 14.1 | 14.6 | 15.9 |
 Never smoke (%) | 5.5 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.2 | 7.2 |
 Missing observations, n | 30 | 491 | 166 | 41 | 354 |
Exercise | |||||
 Never (%) | 10.7 | 5.8 | 10.0 | 7.3 | 4.1 |
 Less than once a week (%) | 20.4 | 15.6 | 16.2 | 16.7 | 16.8 |
 Once a week (%) | 22.3 | 19.8 | 19.1 | 19.3 | 22.9 |
 2–3 times a week (%) | 32.3 | 38.1 | 33.8 | 36.5 | 39.7 |
 Nearly every day (%) | 14.2 | 20.7 | 20.9 | 20.2 | 16.5 |
 Missing observations, n | 0 | 404 | 136 | 29 | 135 |
 Comorbidities (%) | 80.2 | 88.9 | 100 | 100 | – |
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) | |||||
 HADS anxiety score, mean (SD) | 4.9 (13.8) | 4.6 (3.6) | 3.9 (3.3) | 3.4 (3.1) | 3.3 (2.8) |
 Missing observations, n | 266 | 1765 | 833 | 258 | 4089 |
 HADS depression score, mean (SD) | 4.4 (3.2) | 3.9 (3.1) | 4.3 (3.1) | 3.7 (2.9) | 2.8 (2.6) |
 Missing observations | 264 | 1687 | 762 | 242 | 4009 |
Chronic pain (%) | 51.8 | 75.4 | 50.0 | 43.0 | 25.9 |
 Missing observations, n | 60 | 600 | 218 | 62 | 435 |
Pain intensity | |||||
 No pain (%) | 19.5 | 8.3 | 23.5 | 32.1 | 42.0 |
 Very mild (%) | 9.7 | 6.1 | 9.8 | 10.2 | 13.2 |
 Mild (%) | 13.9 | 13.5 | 13.2 | 12.7 | 15.2 |
 Moderate (%) | 39.3 | 50.6 | 38.5 | 33.7 | 24.2 |
 Severe (%) | 15.8 | 19.4 | 13.3 | 10.1 | 4.8 |
 Very severe (%) | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.5 |
 Missing observations, n | 91 | 718 | 375 | 140 | 1403 |