Study | Country | Study design | Intervention | Estimates on diarrhea (RR [95% CI]) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Improved water quality at source | ||||
 Alam 1989 [17] | Bangladesh | QE | Hand Pump | 0.83 [0.71, 0.97] |
 Opryszko 2010 [18] | Afghanistan | cRCT | Hand Pump | 1.22 [0.86, 1.73] |
 Jensen 2003 [19] | Pakistan | QE | Chlorination | 0.95 [0.35, 2.60] |
 Ryder 1985 [20] | Panama | QE | Improved Supply | 1.34 [1.11, 1.62] |
 Semenza 1998 [21] | Uzbekistan | cRCT | Improved Supply | 0.65 [0.44, 0.95] |
Improved water quality at point-of-use | ||||
 Water Filtration | ||||
  Aceituno 2012 [22] | Honduras | RCT | Biosand Filter | 0.62 [0.36, 1.08] |
  Boisson 2009 [23] | Ethiopia | RCT | Lifestraw | 0.97 [0.67, 1.40] |
  Boisson 2010 [24] | Democratic Republic of Congo | RCT | Lifestraw | 0.85 [0.56, 1.29] |
  Brown 2007 [25] | Cambodia | QE | Ceramic Filter | 0.52 [0.32, 0.85] |
  Brown 2008 [26] | Cambodia | RCT | Ceramic Filter (Iron rich) | 0.58 [0.41, 0.82] |
Ceramic Filter with Vessel | 0.65 [0.46, 0.92] | |||
  Clasen 2004 [27] | Bolivia | RCT | Ceramic Filter | 0.41 [0.17, 1.02] |
  Clasen 2005 [28] | Colombia | RCT | Ceramic Filter | 0.63 [0.45, 0.89] |
  Du Preez 2008 [29] | South Africa and Zimbabwe | RCT | Ceramic Filter | 0.21 [0.12, 0.37] |
  Lindquist 2014 [30] | Bolivia | cRCT | Hollow water filter | 0.21 [0.15, 0.29] |
Hollow water filter with behavior change campaign | 0.27 [0.22, 0.33] | |||
  Stauber 2009 [31] | Dominican Republic | RCT | Biosand Filter | 0.46 [0.35, 0.60] |
  Stauber 2012a [32] | Ghana | cRCT | Biosand Filter | 0.26 [0.07, 0.97] |
  Stauber 2012b [33] | Cambodia | cRCT | Biosand Filter | 0.45 [0.26, 0.78] |
  Tiwari 2009 [34] | Kenya | cRCT | Biosand Filter | 0.49 [0.24, 1.00] |
 Water Disinfection | ||||
  Boisson 2013 [35] | India | RCT | Chlorination | 0.95 [0.79, 1.14] |
  Chiller 2006 [36] | Republic of Guatemala | cRCT | Flocculent disinfectant | 0.63 [0.48, 0.82] |
  Crump 2005 [37] | Kenya | cRCT | Flocculent disinfectant | 0.75 [0.59, 0.95] |
Chlorination | 0.83 [0.66, 1.04] | |||
  Du Preez 2011 [38] | Kenya | RCT | SODIS | 0.73 [0.63, 0.85] |
  Harshfield 2012 [39] | Haiti | QE | Chlorination | 0.61 [0.45, 0.83] |
  Jain 2010 [40] | Ghana | RCT | Chlorination | 1.13 [0.92, 1.39] |
  Kirchhoff 1985 [41] | Brazil | QE | Chlorination | 0.97 [0.84, 1.12] |
  Luby 2006 (1) [42] | Pakistan | cRCT | Chlorination | 0.39 [0.17, 0.89] |
Flocculent disinfectant | 0.54 [0.31, 0.94] | |||
  Mahfouz 1995 [43] | Saudi Arabia | QE | Chlorination | 0.55 [0.30, 1.00] |
  McGuigan 2011 [44] | Cambodia | cRCT | SODIS | 0.37 [0.29, 0.47] |
  Mengistie 2013 [45] | Ethiopia | RCT | Chlorination | 0.43 [0.38, 0.49] |
  Mausezahl 2009 [46] | Bolivia | cRCT | SODIS | 0.74 [0.50, 1.10] |
  Opryszko 2010 [18] | Afghanistan | cRCT | Chlorination | 1.20 [0.84, 1.71] |
  Quick 1999 [47] | Bolivia | cRCT | Chlorination | 0.56 [0.45, 0.69] |
  Rai 2010 [48] | India | RCT | SODIS | 0.24 [0.10, 0.60] |
  Reller 2003 (1) [49] | Republic of Guatemala | RCT | Chlorination | 0.77 [0.29, 2.08] |
Chlorination with vessel | 0.92 [0.65, 1.30] | |||
Flocculent disinfectant | 0.69 [0.50, 0.95] | |||
Flocculent disinfectant with vessel | 1.05 [0.78, 1.41] | |||
  Rose 2006 [50] | India | QE | SODIS | 0.64 [0.48, 0.86] |
  Semenza 1998 [21] | Uzbekistan | cRCT | Chlorination | 0.33 [0.19, 0.57] |
  Sobsey 2003 [51] | Bangladesh | RCT | Chlorination | 0.78 [0.73, 0.83] |
HANDWASHING WITH SOAP | ||||
 Han 1989 [52] | Myanmar | cRCT | With Provision of Soap | 0.70 [0.54, 0.93] |
 Langford 2011 [53] | Nepal | cRCT | With Provision of Soap | 0.74 [0.54, 1.01] |
 Luby 2004a [54] | Pakistan | cRCT | With Provision of Soap | 0.55 [0.45, 0.68] |
 Nicholson 2014 [55] | India | cRCT | With Provision of Soap | 1.10 [0.77, 1.57] |
 Shahid 1996 [56] | Bangladesh | QE | With Provision of Soap | 0.53 [0.44, 0.62] |
 Sircar 1987 [57] | India | QE | With Provision of Soap | 1.13 [0.79, 1.62] |
Safe disposal of excreta | ||||
 Clasen 2014 [64] | India | cRCT | Latrine promotion and construction | 0.97 [0.83–1.12] |