Table 1 Univariate analysis of investigated parameters, according to vitamin D status (n = 159)
From: Hypovitaminosis D in healthy children in Central Thailand: prevalence and risk factors
Parameters | Hypovitaminosis D (< 75 nmol/L) | Vitamin D sufficiency (≥ 75 nmol/L) | P-value | Crude OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean ± SD or number (%) | n | Mean ± SD or number (%) | |||
Age (years) | 126 | 9.86 ± 1.54 | 33 | 9.79 ± 1.62 | 0.82 | 1.03 (0.81, 1.32) |
Female sex | 126 | 87 (69.0%) | 33 | 19 (57.6%) | 0.22 | 1.64 (0.75, 3.61) |
Household income | 120 | 31 | ||||
≤ 20,000 THB/month | 52 (43.3%) | 15 (48.4%) | 0.61 | 1 | ||
> 20,000 THB/month | 68 (56.7%) | 16 (51.6%) | - | 1.23 (0.56, 2.71) | ||
Income(I):expense(E) | 94 | 25 | ||||
I < E | 27 (28.7%) | 4 (16%) | 0.54 | 1.52 (0.40, 5.78) | ||
I ≅ E | 36 (38.3%) | 14 (56%) | 0.30 | 0.58 (0.21, 1.62) | ||
I > E | 31 (33%) | 7 (28%) | - | 1 | ||
Birth weight | 108 | 28 | ||||
< 2.5 kilograms | 7 (6.5%) | 4 (14.3%) | 0.19 | 0.42 (0.11, 1.54) | ||
≥ 2.5 kilograms | 101 (93.5%) | 24 (85.7%) | - | 1 | ||
Allergic diseases | 122 | 20 (16.4%) | 32 | 4 (12.5%) | 0.59 | 1.37 (0.43, 4.34) |
Hospitalization | 122 | 40 (32.8%) | 31 | 7 (22.6%) | 0.28 | 1.67 (0.67, 4.21) |
Feeding during the first | 120 | 31 | ||||
6 months | ||||||
Breastfeeding only | 39 (32.5%) | 7 (22.6%) | - | 1 | ||
Infant formula only | 11 (9.2%) | 5 (16.1%) | 0.17 | 0.40 (0.11, 1.49) | ||
Combination | 70 (58.3%) | 19 (61.3%) | 0.39 | 0.66 (0.26, 1.71) | ||
Sun exposure | ||||||
%BSA exposed x | 94 | 238 ± 388 | 29 | 179 ± 266 | 0.45 | 1.00 (0.999, 1.002) |
hrs/wk | ||||||
Hours/wk | 96 | 8.1 ± 9.9 | 29 | 6.5 ± 8.0 | 0.43 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) |
BMI percentile | 126 | 56.7 ± 33.9 | 33 | 42.6 ± 36.0 | 0.04 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) |
Waist circumference (cm) | 126 | 66.3 ± 11.5 | 33 | 62.3 ± 9.1 | 0.07 | 1.04 (0.997, 1.08) |
Waist-to-hip ratio | 126 | 33 | ||||
< 0.84 | 66 (52.4%) | 22 (66.7%) | - | 1 | ||
≥ 0.84 | 60 (47.6%) | 11 (33.3%) | 0.15 | 1.82 (0.81, 4.06) | ||
Body fat percentile | 126 | 36.9 ± 37.8 | 33 | 24.7 ± 36.0 | 0.10 | 1.01 (0.998, 1.02) |
Bone mass (kg) | 117 | 1.45 ± 0.59 | 31 | 1.33 ± 0.48 | 0.29 | 1.47 (0.72, 3.04) |
Muscle mass (kg) | 117 | 28.2 ± 7.27 | 31 | 26.2 ± 6.61 | 0.18 | 1.04 (0.98, 1.11) |
Corrected calcium (mmol/L) | 125 | 2.37 ± 0.06 | 33 | 2.36 ± 0.05 | 0.73 | 3.06 (0.01, 1943) |
Phosphate (mmol/L) | 125 | 1.39 ± 0.16 | 33 | 1.40 ± 0.14 | 0.98 | 0.96 (0.08, 11.5) |
Mg (mmol/L) | 125 | 0.85 ± 0.05 | 33 | 0.86 ± 0.05 | 0.42 | 0.04 (0.01, 122) |
PTH (pmol/L) | 126 | 4.34 ± 1.38 | 33 | 3.78 ± 1.25 | 0.04 | 1.40 (1.02, 1.94) |
Albumin (g/L) | 125 | 45.9 ± 2.36 | 33 | 45.9 ± 2.37 | 0.98 | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) |