Results from this study have demonstrated the significant impact that obesity has on office-based physician visits. These analyses make a contribution to the literature by demonstrating the impact of obesity at the level of the provider, while many other obesity studies speak to societal costs and overall health system costs of obesity.
The results in this study indicate a greater amount of time spent with the provider during the visit when the patient was obese. On average, for visits where females were obese, the provider spent 1.6 minutes longer with the patient compared to a visit where the patient was not obese. For males, providers spent on average 1.3 minutes longer with obese patients as with non-obese patients. However, these findings for a difference in time were not significant. Although, it appears that medical providers treating obese patients in an outpatient setting prescribed significantly more medications for obese patients compared to non-obese patients, even after controlling for the number of co-morbid conditions and the primary reason for the visit.
Previous research has shown that obesity is related to increases in health care utilization. Two past studies on U.S. cohorts have suggested that the greatest impact of obesity on health care cost and utilization is in outpatient primary care clinical services. The first study, conducted by Andreyeva and colleagues using data from the Health and Retirement Study, found that the average increase in health care costs associated with a BMI of 30 and higher (averaging across all obesity classes) for individuals aged 54-69 years old was 33% [14]. In the second study, Bertakis and colleagues found that (in a prospective study of 509 adult patients) obesity was associated with an increased number of primary care visits, diagnostic services and primary care clinic charges [15]. The same researchers, however, did not find an increase in visit length, but rather that the visit content became more focused on exercise habits and technical tasks rather than disease-specific treatments.
Findings similar to the present study have been demonstrated in other countries using population-based cohorts. von Lengerke and colleagues demonstrated in their study that compared to normal weight persons (18.5 - 24.9 kg/m2), those in Obesity Class I (30.0-34.9 kg/m2) were more likely to report, over a one-half year period, at least one visit to a general practitioner and that those in Obesity Class II (35.0 - 39.9 kg/m2) and those in Obesity Class III (≥ 40 kg/m2) had significantly higher odds of having high general practitioner use, defined as eight or more visits in a year [16] Other studies found a positive association between obesity and use of primary health care services [17, 18]. In these studies, obese patients required more time with the provider during their visits, and also required a greater number of prescribed medications. Furthermore, these studies found a direct relationship between degree of obesity and amount of health care usage. In simple descriptive analyses, our study showed that visits where the patient was considered to be obese had a longer duration compared to visits where the patient was not considered to be obese. Again though, this difference was not found to be significant. These findings do however point to increased resource utilization.
A second finding of this study was that patients with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 received more prescription medication management during the visit compared to those with BMI < 30 kg/m2. In 2007, it was estimated that prescription drugs account for approximately 10 percent of total health expenditures [19] and represent an ever-increasing portion of out-of-pocket expenditures by the individual and an ever increasing proportion of government spending for health care [20].
The analyses in this study are in line with prior research which suggests that prescription medication use is higher in obese persons compared to non-obese persons. For example, a study using the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey demonstrated that obese Medicare recipients had higher prescription drug costs and higher health care utilization rates compared to non-obese patients [21]. A second example of this phenomenon is the Counterweight Program in the Framingham Heart Study, where Molenaar and colleagues found that not only were obese people using more prescription drugs, but they were more likely to be prescribed medications for hypertension and hyperlipidemia than non-obese patients with the same conditions [22]. Furthermore, a retrospective cohort study examining hospitalizations, outpatient visits and use of other health care services showed that obese individuals were more likely to be hospitalized than non-obese individuals and that their total medical costs were higher due largely to costs from prescription medications [9].
Several limitations should be considered when interpreting the results of this study. The most notable limitation of this study is that exact dollar amount costs were not determined because the dataset does not collect actual costs. However, this study does provide insight into relative resource utilization by persons who are obese, which shows where the costs are being consumed.
Second, the nature of the NAMCS is that the sampling unit is a patient visit, not a person. Therefore, it is possible that one person can be represented in the sample more than once through multiple visits. However, as noted in the survey description, most sampling was conducted in physicians' offices over a limited period of time, specifically a one-week period. Therefore, the likelihood of having one person represented by numerous office visits is low.
A third limitation of this study is that only data on in-person office visits were collected. A significant percentage of medication and disease management is conducted over the telephone, but information on these services was not collected. If this limitation is true, then it is possible that the findings of this study may underestimate the impact of obesity on office-based physician practices.
A fourth limitation of this study was the definition of obesity and the classification of BMI. Some records within this dataset did not contain height and weight. However, they did contain a diagnosis of obesity. Therefore, it was not possible to further stratify persons with obesity into the different obese classes. We were able to provide a distinction between those visits with persons who were obese and those who were not obese. A better detailed measurement of BMI would be useful in determining a more precise effect of increasing increments of BMI on healthcare costs. Even with this limitation, our analyses do provide a rudimentary look at the impact of obesity on outpatient visits.
One future direction for study in this area of health services should include the impact of obesity on other ancillary services such as dietary, physical therapy, and nursing services. Obesity is a health problem that pervades all aspects of health care; not just at the physician-patient nexus. This study and the body of research in this area clearly demonstrate that obesity is a problem that is of great concern for our health care system and will continue to be a problem in the near future. Improvement in lifestyle behavioral interventions and multidisciplinary care management in the outpatient setting may reduce health care costs from obesity and its co-morbid conditions.