MacKenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, Gradus MS, Blair KA, Peterson DE, Kazmierczak JJ, Addiss DG, Fox KR, Rose JB: A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med. 1994, 331: 161-167. 10.1056/NEJM199407213310304.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Eisenberg JNS, Lei X, Hubbard AH, Brookhart MA, Colford JM: The role of disease transmision and conferred immunity in outbearks: analysis of the 1993 Cryptosporidium outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Am J Epidemiol. 2005, 161: 62-72. 10.1093/aje/kwi005.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Frost FJ, Fea E, Gilli G, Biorci F, Muller TM, Craun GF, Calderon RL: Serological evidence of Cryptosporidium infections in southern Europe. Eur J Epidemiol. 2000, 16: 385-390. 10.1023/A:1007654226975.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goldstein ST, Juranek DD, Ravenholt O, Hightower AW, Martin DG, Mesnik JL, Griffiths SD, Bryant AJ, Reich RR, Herwaldt BL: Cryptosporidiosis: an outbreak associated with drinking water despite state-of-the art water treatment. Ann Intern Med. 1996, 124: 459-
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Perz JF, Ennever FK, Le Blancq SM: Cryptosporidium in tap water. Am J Epidemiol. 1998, 147 (3): 289-301.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Krewski D, Balbus J, Butler-Jones D, Haas CN, Isaac-Renton J, Roberts KJ, Sinclair M: Managing the microbiological risks of drinking water. J Toxicol Environ Health, Part A. 2004, 67: 1591-1617. 10.1080/15287390490491909.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Rose JB, Haas CN, Regli S: Risk assessment and control ofwaterborne Giardiasis. Am J Public Health. 1991, 81: 709-713.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Teunis PFM, Medema GJ, Kruidenier L, Havelaar AH: Assessment of the risk of infectionby Cryptosporidium or Giardia in drinking water from a surface water source. Wat Res. 1997, 31 (6): 1333-1346. 10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00387-9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Haas CN, Rose JB, Gerba CP: Quantitative microbial riskassessment. 1999, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York
Google Scholar
Rose JB, Gerba CP: Use of risk assessment for development of microbial standards. Wat Sci Techn. 1991, 24 (2): 29-34.
Google Scholar
Neumann DA, Foran JA: Assessing the risk associated with exposure to waterborne pathogens : an expert panel's report on risk assessment. J Food Protection. 1997, 60 (11): 1426-1431.
Google Scholar
Macler BA, Regli S: Use of microbial risk assessment in setting US drinking water standards. Int J Food Microbiol. 1993, 18: 254-256. 10.1016/0168-1605(93)90148-A.
Article
Google Scholar
Hunter PR, Payment P, Ashbolt N, Bartram J: Assessment of risk. Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water: Improving Approaches and Methods. 2003, OECD, WHO, Geneva
Google Scholar
National Academy of Sciences Safe drinking water committee: Drinking water and health. 1977, Washington DC : Natl Acad Press
Google Scholar
Haas CN: Epidemiology, microbiology, and risk assessment of waterborne pathogens including Cryptosporidium. J Food Protection. 2000, 63 (6): 827-831.
CAS
Google Scholar
Rose JB: Waterborne pathogens : assessing health risks. Health Environ Digest. 1993, 7 (3): 1-3.
Google Scholar
Haas CN: Estimation of risk due to low doses of micro-organisms : a comparison of alternatives methodologies. Am J Epidemiol. 1983, 118 (4): 573-582.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Haas CN: Quantifying microbiological risks. Safety of water disinfection : balancing chemical and microbiological risks. Edited by: Craun GF. 1993, ILSI Press, Washington DC, 389-398.
Google Scholar
Haas CN, Rose JB, Gerba C, Regli S: Risk assessement of virus in drinking water. Risk Analysis. 1993, 13 (5): 545-552.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Regli S, Rose JB, Haas CN, Gerba CP: Modeling risk from Giardia and viruses in drinking water. JAWWA. 1991, 83: 76-84.
CAS
Google Scholar
Vose DJ: The application of quantitative risk assessment to microbial food safety. J Food Prot. 1998, 61 (5): 640-648.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Haas CN, Crockett CS, Rose JB, Gerba CP, Fazil AM: Assessing the risk posed by oocysts in drinking water. JAWWA. 1996, 131-136.
Google Scholar
Teunis PFM, Haavelar AH: The Beta Poisson dose-response model is not a single-hit model. Risk Analysis. 2000, 20 (4): 513-520. 10.1111/0272-4332.204048.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rendtorff RC: The experimental transmission of human intestinal protozoan parasites. 1. Giardia cysts given in capsules. Am J Hyg. 1954, 59: 209-
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dupont HL, Chappell CL, Sterling CR, Okhuysen PC, Rose JB, akubowski W: The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. N Engl J Med. 1995, 332 (13): 855-859. 10.1056/NEJM199503303321304.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Haas CN, Rose JB: Reconciliation of microbial risk modelsand outbreak epidemiology : the case of the Milwaukee outbreak. Proc Ann Conf AWWA. New York. 517-522. 5–9 June 1994
Gofti-Laroche L, Gratacap-Cavailler B, Genoulaz O, Joret JC, Hartemann Ph, Seigneurin JM, Zmirou D: A new analytical tool toassess health risks associated with the virological quality of drinking water [EMIRA Study]. Water Sc Technol. 2001, 43: 39-48.
CAS
Google Scholar
Gofti-Laroche L, Joret JC, Demanse D, Zmirou D: Health risks and parasitical quality of water (E.MI.R.A Study). JAWWA. 2003, 95 (5): 162-172.
CAS
Google Scholar
Gofti-Laroche L, Gratacap-Cavallier B, Demanse D, Genoulaz O, Seigneurin JM, Zmirou D: Are waterborne astrovirus implicated in acute digestive morbidity (E.MI.R.A study) ?. J Clinical Virol. 2003, 27 (1): 74-82. 10.1016/S1386-6532(02)00130-0.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
US-EPA: Method 1623: Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water by filtration/IMS/IFA. 1999, Publication EPA-821-R-99-006. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water, Washington DC
Google Scholar
Cervantes P, Robert C, Mennecart V, Compagno B, Joret JC: Impact of three types of cartridges on the recovery of the detection methode of Cryptosporidiumand Giardia. J Europ Hydrologie. 1997, 28 (2): 155-172.
CAS
Google Scholar
Gofti-Laroche L, Potelon JL, Da Silva E, Zmirou D: Description de la consommation d'eau de boisson en France a l'usage des épidémiologistes et évaluateurs du risque (étude E.MI.R.A.). Rev Epidemiol Santé Publique. 2001, 5: 411-422.
Google Scholar
Teunis PFM, Nagelkerke NJD, Hass CN: Dose response Models for infectious Gastroenteritis. Risk Analysis. 1999, 19 (6): 1251-1260. 10.1023/A:1007055316559.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Payment P, Hunter PR: Endemic and epidemic infectious intestinal disease and its relationship to drinking water. Water quality – Guidelines, standards and health: Assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious disease (2001). Edited by: Fewtrell L, Bartram J. World Health Organization. ISBN 92 4 154533 X
Gantzer C, Lucena F, Schwartzbrod L, Jofre J: Indicateursde contamination virale du milieu hydrique: mythe ou réalité?. Virologie. 1998, 2: 117-125.
Google Scholar
LeChevallier MW, Di Giovanni GD, Clancy JL, Bukhari Z, Bukhari S, Rosen JS, Sobrinho J, Frey MM: Comparison of method 1623 and cell culture-PCR for detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in souce waters. App Environ Microbiol. 2003, 69: 971-979. 10.1128/AEM.69.2.971-979.2003.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
US-EPA. Office of ground water and drinking water: Guidance manual for compliance with the filtration and disinfection requirements for public water systems using surface water sources. EPA report n°570/9-29-018, Washington DC. 1991
Google Scholar
Barrell RA, Hunter PR, Nichols G: Microbiological standards for water and their relationship to health risk. Commun Dis Public Health. 2000, 3 (1): 8-13.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption. Official Journal L 330 of 05.12.1998.
Fewtrell L, Macgill SM, Kay D, Casemore D: Uncertainties in risk assessment for the determination of drinking water pollutant concentrations :Cryptosporidium case study. Wat Res. 2001, 35 (2): 441-447. 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00281-5.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
US-EPA: Report to congress. EPA studies on sensitive subpopulations and drinking water contaminants. 2000, [http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/standard/rtc_sensubpops.pdf]
Google Scholar
Gerba CP, Rose JB, Haas CN: Sensitive populations : who is at the greater risk ?. Int J Food Microbiol. 1996, 30 (1–2): 113-123. 10.1016/0168-1605(96)00996-8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hu J, Feng Y, Leong Ong S, Jern Ng W, Song L, Tan X, Chu X: Improvement of recoveries for the determination of protozoa Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water using method 1623. J Microbiol Methods. 2004, 58: 321-325. 10.1016/j.mimet.2004.04.013.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Le Chevallier MW, Norton WD, Lee RG: Giardia and Cryptosporidium in filtered drinking water supplies. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991, 57 (9): 2617-2621.
CAS
Google Scholar
Di Giovanni GD, LeChevallier MW: Quantitative-PCR assessment of cryptosporidium parvum celle culture infection. Applied Environ Microbiol. 2005, 71 (3): 1495-2005. 10.1128/AEM.71.3.1495-1500.2005.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Payment P, Berte A, Fleury C: Sources of variation in isolating rate of Giardia lamblia cysts and their homogeneous distribution in river water entering a water treatment plant. Can J Microbiol. 1997, 43: 687-689.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hörman A, Rimhanen-Finne R, Maunula L, von Bonsdorff CH, Torvela N, Heikinheimo A, Hanninen ML: Campylobacter spp. Giardia spp.Cryptosporidium spp., Noroviruses, and indicator organisms in surface water in South Western Finland, 2000–2001. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004, 70 (1): 87-95. 10.1128/AEM.70.1.87-95.2004.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wallis PM, Erlandsen SL, saac-Renton JL, Olson ME, Robertson WJ, van Keulen H: Prevalence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts and characterization of Giardia spp. isolated from drinking water in Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996, 62: 2789-2797.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Robertson LJ, Gjerde B: Occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in raw waters in Norway. Scand J Public Health. 2001, 29: 200-207. 10.1080/140349401316983626.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bodley-Tickell AT, Kitchen SE, Sturdee AP: Occurrence of Cryptosporidium in agricultural surface waters. Water Res. 2002, 36: 1880-1886. 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00398-0.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hashimoto A, Kunikane S, Hirata T: Prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in the drinking water supply in Japan. Water Research. 2002, 36: 519-526. 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00279-2.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Robertson LJ, Hermansen L, Gjerde BK, Strand E, Alvsvag JO, Langeland N: Application of genotyping during an extensive outbreak of waterborne giardiasis in Bergen, Norway, during Autumn and Winter 2004. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006, 72 (3): 2212-2217. 10.1128/AEM.72.3.2212-2217.2006.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Robertson LJ, Forberg T, Hermansen L, Gjerde BK, Alvsvag JO, Langeland N: Cryptosporidium parvum infections in Bergen, Norway, during an extensive outbreak of waterborne giardiasis in Autumn and Winter 2004. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006, 72 (3): 2218-2220. 10.1128/AEM.72.3.2218-2220.2006.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Perz JF, Ennever FK, Le Blancq SM: Cryptosporidium in tap water. Am J Epidemiol. 1998, 147 (3): 289-301.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Roxstrom-Lindquist K, Palm D, Reiner D, Ringqvist E, Svard SG: Giardia immunity -an update. Trends Parasitol. 2006, 22 (1): 26-31. 10.1016/j.pt.2005.11.005.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Andersen YS, Gillin FD, Eckmann L: Adaptive immunity-dependent intestinal hypermotility contributes to host defense against Giardia spp. Infect Immun. 2006, 74 (4): 2473-6. 10.1128/IAI.74.4.2473-2476.2006.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hellard ME, Sinclair MI, Forbes AB, Fairley CK: A randomized blinded controlled trial investigating the gastrointestinal health effects of drinking water quality. Environ Health Perspect. 2001, 109 (8): 773-778.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar