Relationship between the physical environment and different domains of physical activity in European adults: a systematic review

Table 7 Summary results of evidence on the relationship environmental factors and recreational walking/cycling

Environm. variables	Positive association	Negative association	No association	A*	B*	C*	D*
Walkability	78, 83, 85		82, 82, 82 ¹ , 82 ² , 86	5	3/8	38	0
Residential density			34, 34	1	N/A	N/A	N/A
Land use mix diversity	34		34	1	N/A	N/A	N/A
Street connectivity		85	34, 34	2	N/A	N/A	N/A
Access to shops/services/work			34, 34, 63, 85	3	0/4	0	0
Access to public transport			34, 34	1	N/A	N/A	N/A
Access to recreation facilities	92, 92, 92	52, 52, 52	34, 34, 40 ^M, 40 ^M, 40 ^M, 40 ^M, 40 ^F, 40 ^F, 40 ^F, 40 ^F, 52, 85, 92, 92, 92, 92, 92, 92, 92, 92, 92, 92, 92, 92, 92, 92, 92, 92, 92	5	3/35	9	00
Walking/cycling facilities	34		34, 34, 34, 85, 85	2	N/A	N/A	N/A
Safety	63		85	2	N/A	N/A	N/A
Traffic-related safety	40 ^M, 40 ^F, 41 ^M, 41 ^F		34, 34, 85	4	4/7	57	+
Crime-related safety			34, 34, 40 ^M, 40 ^F, 63, 85	4	0/6	0	00
Aesthetics	63		34, 34, 63, 63, 85	3	1/6	17	0
Urbanization	84		84, 84, 84	1	N/A	N/A	N/A

* A = n° of independent studies; B = n° of associated records divided by all records; C = % of evidence; D = summary code.
Regular vs italics font = subjective vs objective PA measures; regular vs bold font = subjective vs objective environmental measures.
^M = specific results for males; ^F = specific results for females; ¹ = specific results for 1^st subgroup; ² = specific results for 2^nd subgroup.

ISSN: 1471-2458