From: Language barrier and its relationship to diabetes and diabetic retinopathy
English proficiency | P value* | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
All participants (n = 3174) | English-speaking (n = 2289) | Tamil-speaking (n = 885) | ||
Age groups | ||||
40-49 years | 866 (27.3) | 750 (32.8) | 116 (13.1) | |
50-59 years | 1036 (32.6) | 818 (35.7) | 218 (24.6) | |
60-69 years | 820 (25.8) | 528 (23.1) | 292 (33.0) | |
70-80 years | 452 (14.2) | 193 (8.4) | 259 (29.3) | <0.001 |
Gender (male) | 1612 (50.8) | 1300 (56.8) | 312 (35.3) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.1 (4.7) | 26.0 (4.4) | 26.4 (5.4) | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 6.4 (1.4) | 6.4 (1.4) | 6.6 (1.4) | 0.002 |
SBP (mmHg) | 134.9 (19.6) | 132.9 (18.6) | 140.2 (20.9) | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 77.4 (10.1) | 77.8 (10.1) | 76.4 (10.1) | 0.003 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.2 (1.1) | 5.2 (1.1) | 5.1 (1.1) | <0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.07 (0.32) | 1.10 (0.32) | 1.12 (0.31) | <0.001 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.33 (0.94) | 3.36 (0.94) | 3.23 (0.92) | 0.003 |
Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.96 (1.16) | 2.01 (1.23) | 1.83 (0.94) | <0.001 |
Current smoking (yes) | 462 (14.6) | 369 (16.1) | 93 (10.5) | <0.001 |
Country of birth | ||||
Foreign-born | 1280 (40.3) | 784 (34.3) | 496 (56.0) | |
Singapore-born | 1894 (59.7) | 1505 (65.8) | 389 (44.0) | <0.001 |
Literacy level | ||||
Adequate reading literacy | 2941 (92.7) | 2211 (96.6) | 730 (82.5) | |
Inadequate reading literacy | 233 (7.3) | 78 (3.4) | 155 (17.5) | 0.001 |
Education level | ||||
Primary education or lower | 1688 (53.3) | 934 (40.9) | 754 (85.2) | |
Secondary education or higher | 1482 (46.7) | 1351 (59.1) | 131 (14.8) | <0.001 |
Income level | ||||
<S$1000 | 1538 (48.5) | 881 (38.5) | 657 (74.2) | |
≥S$1000 | 1636 (51.5) | 1408 (61.5) | 228 (25.8) | <0.001 |
Housing type | ||||
3-4 room flat or smaller | 1996 (63.0) | 1288 (56.3) | 708 (80.0) | |
5 room flat/private | 1175 (37.0) | 998 (43.7) | 177 (20.0) | <0.001 |