Table 1 Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Participants in the Singapore Indian Eye Study

Age groups

  40-49 years

866 (27.3)

750 (32.8)

116 (13.1)

  50-59 years

1036 (32.6)

818 (35.7)

218 (24.6)

  60-69 years

820 (25.8)

528 (23.1)

292 (33.0)

  70-80 years

452 (14.2)

193 (8.4)

259 (29.3)

<0.001

Gender (male)

1612 (50.8)

1300 (56.8)

312 (35.3)

<0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

26.1 (4.7)

26.0 (4.4)

26.4 (5.4)

<0.001

HbA1c (%)

6.4 (1.4)

6.4 (1.4)

6.6 (1.4)

0.002

SBP (mmHg)

134.9 (19.6)

132.9 (18.6)

140.2 (20.9)

<0.001

DBP (mmHg)

77.4 (10.1)

77.8 (10.1)

76.4 (10.1)

0.003

Total cholesterol (mmol/l)

5.2 (1.1)

5.2 (1.1)

5.1 (1.1)

<0.001

HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)

1.07 (0.32)

1.10 (0.32)

1.12 (0.31)

<0.001

LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)

3.33 (0.94)

3.36 (0.94)

3.23 (0.92)

0.003

Triglycerides (mmol/l)

1.96 (1.16)

2.01 (1.23)

1.83 (0.94)

<0.001

Current smoking (yes)

462 (14.6)

369 (16.1)

93 (10.5)

<0.001

Country of birth

  Foreign-born

1280 (40.3)

784 (34.3)

496 (56.0)

  Singapore-born

1894 (59.7)

1505 (65.8)

389 (44.0)

<0.001

Literacy level

  Adequate reading literacy

2941 (92.7)

2211 (96.6)

730 (82.5)

  Inadequate reading literacy

233 (7.3)

78 (3.4)

155 (17.5)

0.001

Education level

  Primary education or lower

1688 (53.3)

934 (40.9)

754 (85.2)

  Secondary education or higher

1482 (46.7)

1351 (59.1)

131 (14.8)

<0.001

Income level

  <S$1000

1538 (48.5)

881 (38.5)

657 (74.2)

  ≥S$1000

1636 (51.5)

1408 (61.5)

228 (25.8)

<0.001

Housing type

  3-4 room flat or smaller

1996 (63.0)

1288 (56.3)

708 (80.0)

  5 room flat/private

1175 (37.0)

998 (43.7)

177 (20.0)

<0.001