Table 4 Identifying clinical history with biomarkers and DM treatment-related experiences associated with suboptimal glycemic control among T2DM patients by univariable and multivariable logistic regressions
Factors | Suboptimal glycemic control | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | No (%) | OR | 95% CI | p-value | AOR | 95% CI | p-value | |
Total | 173 (50.7) | 168 (49.3) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Length of DM diagnosed (years) | ||||||||
≤ 10 | 47 (45.2) | 57 (54.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
10–20 | 40 (37.0) | 68 (63.0) | 0.71 | 0.41–1.24 | 0.228 | 0.89 | 0.44–1.81 | 0.756 |
˃ 20 | 86 (66.7) | 43 (33.3) | 2.43 | 1.43–4.13 | 0.001* | 2.59 | 1.34–4.99 | 0.005* |
Having HT | ||||||||
No | 53 (54.1) | 45 (45.9) | 1.65 | 0.67–4.07 | 0.278 | |||
Yes | 110 (50.2) | 109 (49.8) | 1.41 | 0.60–3.32 | 0.427 | |||
Do not know | 10 (41.7) | 14 (58.3) | 1.00 | |||||
Length of HT diagnosed(years) | ||||||||
≤ 5 | 46 (53.5) | 40 (46.5) | 1.00 | |||||
˃ 5 | 64 (48.1) | 69 (51.9) | 0.81 | 0.47–1.39 | 0.438 | |||
Taking medication for HT | ||||||||
No | 72 (51.4) | 68 (48.6) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 101 (50.3) | 100 (49.8) | 0.95 | 0.62–1.47 | 0.830 | |||
Having kidney disease | ||||||||
No | 118 (49.0) | 123 (51.0) | 0.58 | 0.32–1.05 | 0.070 | |||
Yes | 20 (45.5) | 24 (54.6) | 0.50 | 0.22–1.12 | 0.091 | |||
Do not know | 35 (62.5) | 21 (37.5) | 1.00 | |||||
Length of kidney disease diagnosed(years) | ||||||||
≤ 5 | 12 (46.2) | 14 (53.9) | 1.00 | |||||
˃ 5 | 8 (44.4) | 10 (55.6) | 0.93 | 0.28–3.12 | 0.911 | |||
Taking medication for kidney disease | ||||||||
No | 153 (51.5) | 144 (48.5) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 20 (45.5) | 24 (54.6) | 0.78 | 0.42–1.48 | 0.454 | |||
Family history of DM (father) | ||||||||
No | 52 (52.0) | 48 (48.0) | 1.44 | 0.86–2.43 | 0.169 | |||
Yes | 80 (53.7) | 69 (46.3) | 1.35 | 0.76–2.38 | 0.304 | |||
Do not know | 41 (44.6) | 51 (55.4) | 1.00 | |||||
Family history of DM (mother) | ||||||||
No | 51 (51.5) | 48 (48.5) | 1.59 | 0.93–2.72 | 0.087 | |||
Yes | 86 (54.4) | 72 (45.6) | 1.42 | 0.79–2.54 | 0.243 | |||
Do not know | 36 (42.9) | 48 (57.1) | 1.00 | |||||
Family history of DM (grandfather) | ||||||||
No | 41 (55.4) | 33 (44.6) | 0.76 | 0.38–1.51 | 0.430 | |||
Yes | 17 (43.6) | 22 (56.4) | 1.22 | 0.72–2.07 | 0.458 | |||
Do not know | 115 (50.4) | 113 (49.6) | 1.00 | |||||
Family history of DM (grandmother) | ||||||||
No | 29 (49.2) | 30 (50.9) | 1.35 | 0.72–2.50 | 0.350 | |||
Yes | 28 (57.1) | 21 (42.9) | 0.98 | 0.55–1.73 | 0.931 | |||
Do not know | 116 (49.8) | 117 (50.2) | 1.00 | |||||
Family history of HT (father) | ||||||||
No | 47 (51.1) | 45 (48.9) | 1.52 | 0.91–2.55 | 0.113 | |||
Yes | 85 (54.5) | 71 (45.5) | 1.33 | 0.74–2.36 | 0.341 | |||
Do not know | 41 (44.1) | 52 (55.9) | 1.00 | |||||
Family history of HT (mother) | ||||||||
No | 73 (49.7) | 74 (50.3) | 1.94 | 1.09–3.43 | 0.024* | |||
Yes | 63 (58.9) | 44 (41.1) | 1.33 | 0.78–2.27 | 0.291 | |||
Do not know | 37 (42.5) | 50 (57.5) | 1.00 | |||||
Family history of HT (grandfather) | ||||||||
No | 42 (52.5) | 38 (47.5) | 0.57 | 0.26–1.26 | 0.570 | |||
Yes | 11 (37.9) | 18 (62.1) | 1.03 | 0.62–1.72 | 0.905 | |||
Do not know | 120 (51.7) | 112 (48.3) | 1.00 | |||||
Family history of HT (grandmother) | ||||||||
No | 43 (53.8) | 37 (46.3) | 1.10 | 0.49–2.43 | 0.823 | |||
Yes | 14 (51.9) | 13 (48.2) | 1.18 | 0.71–1.97 | 0.519 | |||
Do not know | 116 (49.6) | 118 (50.4) | 1.00 | |||||
Systolic blood pressure (mm/Hg) | ||||||||
Normal (˂ 140) | 112 (52.6) | 101 (47.4) | 1.00 | |||||
High (≥ 140) | 61 (47.7) | 67 (52.3) | 0.82 | 0.53–1.27 | 0.379 | |||
Diastolic blood pressure (mm/Hg) | ||||||||
Normal (˂ 90) | 153 (49.8) | 154 (50.2) | 1.00 | |||||
High (≥ 90) | 20 (58.8) | 14 (41.2) | 1.44 | 0.70–2.95 | 0.322 | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||
Normal (18.50–22.9) | 26 (32.5) | 54 (67.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Underweight (< 18.50) | 26 (44.8) | 32 (55.2) | 1.69 | 0.84–3.39 | 0.142 | 1.46 | 0.59–3.60 | 0.412 |
Overweight (23- 24.9) | 27 (47.4) | 30 (52.6) | 1.87 | 0.93–3.76 | 0.080 | 1.87 | 0.77–4.57 | 0.167 |
Obese (> 25) | 94 (64.4) | 52 (35.6) | 3.75 | 2.11–6.69 | < 0.001* | 3.82 | 1.75–8.32 | 0.001* |
Waist-hip ratio (W/H in cm) | ||||||||
Healthy | 62 (43.7) | 80 (56.3) | 1.00 | |||||
Unhealthy | 111 (55.8) | 88 (44.2) | 1.63 | 1.06–2.51 | 0.028* | |||
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||||||
Normal (˂ 200) | 52 (41.3) | 74 (58.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
High (˃ 200) | 121 (56.3) | 94 (43.7) | 1.83 | 1.17–2.86 | 0.008* | 2.43 | 1.36–4.35 | 0.003* |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||||||
Normal (˂ 100) | 69 (42.6) | 93 (57.4) | 1.00 | |||||
High (˃ 100) | 104 (58.1) | 75 (41.9) | 1.87 | 1.22–2.87 | 0.004* | |||
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | ||||||||
Low (˂ 40) | 67 (51.5) | 63 (48.5) | 1.05 | 0.68–1.63 | 0.815 | |||
Normal (≥ 40) | 106 (50.2) | 105 (49.8) | 1.00 | |||||
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | ||||||||
Optimal (˂ 150) | 69 (41.6) | 97 (58.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
High (≥ 150) | 104 (59.4) | 71 (40.6) | 2.06 | 1.34–3.17 | 0.001* | 3.43 | 1.93–6.11 | < 0.001* |
Stress test (ST-5) | ||||||||
Low | 33 (33.0) | 67 (67.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Moderate | 47 (48.5) | 50 (51.6) | 1.91 | 1.07–3.40 | 0.028* | 1.51 | 0.72–3.17 | 0.281 |
High | 93 (64.6) | 51 (35.4) | 3.70 | 2.16–6.35 | < 0.001* | 2.97 | 1.48–5.93 | 0.002* |
Type of medicine taken for DM | ||||||||
OHA | 140 (50.7) | 136 (49.3) | 1.00 | |||||
OHA + insulin | 16 (38.1) | 26 (61.9) | 0.60 | 0.31–1.16 | 0.130 | |||
Insulin | 17 (73.9) | 6 (26.1) | 2.75 | 1.05–7.19 | 0.039* | |||
Forgot to take DM medication (day(s)/week) | ||||||||
No | 123 (45.22) | 149 (54.8) | 1.00 | |||||
≤ 3 | 40 (76.92) | 12 (23.1) | 4.04 | 2.03–8.03 | < 0.001* | |||
˃ 3 | 10 (58.82) | 7 (41.2) | 1.73 | 0.64–4.68 | 0.280 | |||
Forgot to take DM medication (month) | ||||||||
No | 112 (46.86) | 127 (53.1) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 61 (59.80) | 41 (40.2) | 1.69 | 1.05–2.70 | 0.029* | |||
Having side effects from DM drug | ||||||||
No | 154 (51.9) | 143 (48.2) | 1.40 | 0.60–3.29 | 0.441 | |||
Yes | 9 (42.9) | 12 (57.1) | 0.98 | 0.30–3.22 | 0.967 | |||
Do not know | 10 (43.5) | 13 (56.5) | 1.00 | |||||
Medical expenses | ||||||||
Covered by Aasandha | 157 (53.4) | 137 (46.6) | 2.29 | 0.77–6.87 | 0.139 | |||
Private health scheme | 11 (34.4) | 21 (65.6) | 1.05 | 0.29–3.84 | 0.944 | |||
Self-paid | 5 (33.3) | 10 (66.7) | 1.00 | |||||