Table 3 Identifying diabetic self-care and knowledge toward DM prevention and control that associated with suboptimal glycemic control among T2DM patients by univariable and multivariable logistic regressions
Factors | Suboptimal glycemic control | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | No (%) | OR | 95% CI | p-value | AOR | 95% CI | p-value | |
Total | 173 (50.7) | 168 (49.3) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Checking blood glucose | ||||||||
Medical staff | 106 (46.1) | 124 (53.9) | 1.00 | |||||
Themselves at home | 67 (60.4) | 44 (39.6) | 1.78 | 1.12–2.82 | 0.014* | |||
Frequency of checking blood glucose | ||||||||
Few times | 23 (63.9) | 13 (36.1) | 1.00 | |||||
Weekly | 48 (70.6) | 20 (29.4) | 1.36 | 0.58–3.19 | 0.486 | |||
Monthly | 58 (31.5) | 126 (68.5) | 0.26 | 0.12–0.55 | < 0.001* | |||
Everyday | 44 (83.0) | 9 (17.0) | 2.76 | 1.03–7.42 | 0.044* | |||
Missed DM appointment | ||||||||
No | 122 (55.7) | 97 (44.3) | 1.75 | 1.12–2.74 | 0.014* | |||
Yes | 51 (41.8) | 71 (58.2) | 1.00 | |||||
Smoking | ||||||||
No | 120 (49.4) | 123 (50.6) | 1.00 | |||||
Ever | 11 (44.0) | 14 (56.0) | 0.81 | 0.35–1.85 | 0.609 | |||
Yes | 42 (57.5) | 31 (42.5) | 1.39 | 0.82–2.35 | 0.223 | |||
Smoking(year) | ||||||||
≤ 20 | 12 (48.0) | 13 (52.0) | 1.00 | |||||
˃ 20 | 30 (62.5) | 18 (37.5) | 1.81 | 0.68–4.80 | 0.237 | |||
No cigarettes smoke(day) | ||||||||
≤ 10 | 17 (44.7) | 21 (55.3) | 1.00 | |||||
˃ 10 | 25 (71.4) | 10 (28.6) | 3.09 | 1.17–8.17 | 0.023* | |||
No of the meal (times/day) | ||||||||
≤ 3 meals | 55 (64.7) | 30 (35.3) | 2.14 | 1.29–3.56 | 0.003* | |||
˃ 3 meals | 118 (46.1) | 138 (53.9) | 1.00 | |||||
Preparing food | ||||||||
Themselves | 163 (50.2) | 162 (49.9) | 1.00 | |||||
Buying | 10 (62.5) | 6 (37.5) | 1.66 | 0.59–4.66 | 0.339 | |||
Food prepared with cooking oil (tablespoon) | ||||||||
≤ 1 | 50 (38.8) | 79 (61.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
1–3 | 29 (40.9) | 42 (59.2) | 1.09 | 0.60–1.97 | 0.773 | 0.86 | 0.42–1.79 | 0.691 |
> 3 | 94 (66.7) | 47 (33.3) | 3.16 | 1.92–5.20 | < 0.001* | 2.78 | 1.46–5.28 | 0.002* |
Food prepared with sugar (tablespoon) | ||||||||
≤ 1 | 40 (40.4) | 59 (59.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
1–3 | 34 (48.6) | 36 (51.4) | 1.39 | 0.75–2.58 | 0.292 | 1.34 | 0.59–2.99 | 0.480 |
> 3 | 99 (57.6) | 73 (42.4) | 2.00 | 1.21–3.31 | 0.007* | 2.55 | 1.31–4.93 | 0.006* |
Coconut milk-prepared food (day(s)/week) | ||||||||
≤ 3 | 59 (43.7) | 76 (56.3) | 1.00 | |||||
˃ 3 | 114 (55.3) | 92 (44.7) | 1.60 | 1.03–2.47 | 0.036* | |||
Eating sugary foods | ||||||||
Never | 43 (38.1) | 70 (62.0) | 1.00 | |||||
Sometimes | 100 (58.1) | 72 (41.9) | 2.26 | 1.39–3.68 | 0.001* | |||
Regularly | 30 (53.6) | 26 (46.4) | 1.88 | 0.98–3.59 | 0.057 | |||
Drinking tea | ||||||||
No | 10 (47.6) | 11 (52.4) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 163 (50.9) | 157 (49.1) | 1.14 | 0.47–2.76 | 0.768 | |||
Drinking tea with sugar | ||||||||
Never | 35 (27.6) | 92 (72.4) | 1.00 | |||||
Sometimes | 86 (66.2) | 44 (33.9) | 5.14 | 3.02–8.75 | < 0.001* | |||
Regularly | 42 (66.7) | 21 (33.3) | 5.26 | 2.74–10.10 | < 0.001* | |||
Drinking coffee | ||||||||
No | 50 (46.3) | 58 (53.7) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 123 (52.8) | 110 (47.2) | 1.30 | 0.82–2.05 | 0.265 | |||
Drinking coffee with sugar | ||||||||
Never | 100 (52.1) | 92 (47.9) | 1.00 | |||||
Sometimes | 8 (57.1) | 6 (42.9) | 1.23 | 0.41–3.67 | 0.715 | |||
Regularly | 16 (59.3) | 11 (40.7) | 1.34 | 0.59–3.03 | 0.485 | |||
Drinking juice | ||||||||
No | 104 (57.5) | 77 (42.5) | 1.78 | 1.16–2.74 | 0.008* | |||
Yes | 69 (43.1) | 91 (56.9) | 1.00 | |||||
Drinking juice with sugar | ||||||||
Never | 28 (38.4) | 45 (61.6) | 1.00 | |||||
Sometimes | 22 (43.1) | 29 (56.9) | 1.22 | 0.59–2.52 | 0.593 | |||
Regularly | 19 (52.8) | 17 (47.2) | 1.80 | 0.80–4.02 | 0.155 | |||
Fruit intake (daily) | ||||||||
No | 33 (44.6) | 41 (55.4) | 0.73 | 0.44–1.23 | 0.234 | |||
Yes | 140 (52.4) | 127 (47.6) | 1.00 | |||||
Vegetable intake (daily) | ||||||||
No | 38 (44.2) | 48 (55.8) | 0.70 | 0.43–1.15 | 0.161 | |||
Yes | 135 (52.9) | 120 (47.1) | 1.00 | |||||
Exercise | ||||||||
No | 115 (58.4) | 82 (41.6) | 2.08 | 1.34–3.22 | 0.001* | 2.04 | 1.15–3.61 | 0.014* |
Yes | 58 (40.3) | 86 (59.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
No of hours spent doing exercise(minutes/day) | ||||||||
˂ 30 | 59 (17.3) | 33 (55.9) | 1.36 | 0.70–2.65 | 0.364 | |||
> 30 | 85 (24.9) | 41 (48.2) | 1.00 | |||||
Knowledge regarding DM prevention and control | ||||||||
Low | 17 (5.0) | 9 (52.9) | 1.22 | 0.46–3.29 | 0.690 | |||
Moderate | 109 (32.0) | 61 (56.0) | 1.38 | 0.87–2.20 | 0.171 | |||
High | 215 (63.1) | 103 (47.9) | 1.00 | |||||