Table 1 Distribution of HIV prevalence by selected variables for 2011 and 2020 BBS

Age

18–19

7/454

1 (0.2;1.7)

17/371

3.5 (1.4;5.7)

(-4.75;-0.05)

0.035

20–24

29/636

4.1 (1.7;6.4)

69/753

6.4 (3.6;9.1)

(-4.76;0.19)

0.077

25–29

38/203

24.7 (17.0;32.3)

48/276

13.9 (8.2;19.7)

(2.86;18.14)

0.004

30+

40/86

45.7 (33.3;58.0)

44/180

27.7 (18.9;36.4)

(4.32;30.82)

0.007

Education

Primary

24/198

12.4 (6.4;18.5)

1/8

7 (0;22.3)

(-23.38;23.63)

1

Secondary

67/1047

6.2 (3.1;9.3)

45/726

4.7 (2.9;6.5)

(-0.71;3.76)

0.204

Higher education

22/125

16.7 (7.7;25.7)

10/106

5.9 (1.6;10.2)

(2.37;19.9)

0.016

Employed

No

16/431

3.5 (0;7.2)

54/622

7.3 (4.3;10.3)

(-6.62;-0.89)

0.014

Yes

87/596

14.2 (9.9;18.5)

124/957

10.2 (7.5;12.9)

(0.48;7.56)

0.021

Marital status

Never married

72/1191

5.7 (2.2;9.2)

122/1282

6.5 (3.3;9.8)

(-2.73;1.2)

0.478

Married/Living in union

27/99

29.1 (18.1;40.2)

20/147

16.8 (9.0;24.6)

(0.61;23.96)

0.034

Separated/divorced/Widowed

15/85

19 (9.5;28.5)

18/74

25.1 (14.1;36.1)

(-21.08;7.38)

0.396

Religion

Christian

87/1018

8.3 (5.1;11.6)

128/1055

9.1 (5.6;12.6)

(-3.37;1.67)

0.544

Muslim

15/258

6.1 (1.5;10.7)

22/305

6.3 (2.9;9.7)

(-4.06;4)

0.876

Other/No religion

12/100

10.2 (1.9;18.5)

28/220

12.6 (7.5;17.7)

(-10.8;5.35)

0.608

Sexual Identity

Bisexual

38/529

8.3 (4.4;12.1)

49/831

5.6 (3.75;7.4)

(0.68;14.41)

0.071

Gay/Homosexual

53/642

7.1 (3.7;10.5)

104/582

14.9 (11.1;18.8)

(-0.32;5.65)

< 0.001

Heterosexual

15/141

10.2 (3.5;16.8)

4/84

2.9 (0;6.2)

(-11.46;-4.1)

0.063

Other

3/23

6.8 (0;15.86)

19/80

15.6 (8.52;22.59)

(-25.81;8.2)

0.666

City

Beira

53/581

9.5 (1.0;17.9)

42/526

8.1 (0;19.9)

(-2.23;4.81)

0.516

Maputo

50/447

9.3 (3.2;15.5)

104/526

14.7 (7.4;21.9)

(-9.5;-0.98)

0.017

Nampula

11/351

3.9 (0;14)

32/528

5.7 (3.1;8.3)

(-4.77;1.39)

0.332

Age at first anal intercourse

< 15

15//114

11.8 (5.24;18.44)

28//108

14.2 (8.24;20.24)

(-12.14;7.17)

0.722

15–17

21//339

4.5 (1.3;7.71)

52//445

8.5 (5.23;11.71)

(-7.77;-0.46)

0.033

18–20

19//523

3.7 (0;7.5)

51//574

6.5 (3.43;9.48)

(-5.57;-0.06)

0.048

21+

52//344

16.2 (11.09;21.29)

37//304

15 (9.68;20.4)

(-4.77;7.07)

0.77

Number of male sexual partners in the last 12 months prior to the survey

<=1

62/713

9.1 (5.8;12.3)

35/375

9.9 (6.2;13.6)

(-4.72;4.13)

0.769

2

22/384

5.2 (1.3;9.1)

47/277

14.4 (9.4;19.3)

(-9.31;-0.97)

< 0.001

3+

25/228

10.1 (5.4;14.7)

58/342

12.3 (8.4;16.3)

(-3.32;5.96)

0.501

Use lubrication during anal sex

Never

53/792

6.7 (3.8;9.5)

17/364

5.1 (2.3;7.8)

(-1.6;4.54)

0.406

Sometimes

29/282

10 (5.1;15.0)

46/576

7.3 (4.8;9.8)

(-1.71;6.99)

0.233

Always

32/296

10.8 (5.4;16.2)

107/574

14 (10.4;17.6)

(-7.91;1.66)

0.231

Gave money, service or good in exchange for sex in the last year

No

92/1130

8.0 (4.7;11.2)

140/1010

10.6 (8.0;13.2)

(-5.19;-0.07)

0.043

Yes

16/188

9.4 (3.3;15.5)

25/409

6.1 (3.3;8.8)

(-1.73;8.65)

0.177

Received money, service or good in exchange for sex in the last year

No

60/817

6.7 (3.1;10.3)

86/615

10.4 (7.5;13.3)

(-6.78;-0.57)

0.017

Yes

48/501

10.5 (6.4;14.6)

79/805

8.5 (5.7;11.2)

(-1.34;5.6)

0.233

AUDIT-C

Problematic

60/658

9.2 (5.61;12.73)

108/821

11 (8.21;13.78)

(-4.78;1.64)

0.098

Not- Problematic

53/664

7.5 (4.47;10.57)

70/759

7.9 (5.21;10.63)

(-2.73;3.03)

0.878

Self-reported STI in the last year

No

80/1191

6.6 (3.1;10.1)

138/1304

8.4 (5.2;11.5)

(-3.95;0.34)

0.104

Yes

34/185

17.5 (10.7;24.2)

40/271

12.5 (7.5;17.5)

(-2.43;11.93)

0.245

HIV tested in the last year

No

77/843

8.6 (5.6;11.5)

75/491

11.5 (8.15;14.7)

(-6.41;0.68)

0.106

Yes

37/533

7.1 (3.3;10.9)

90/782

9.9 (7.05;12.7)

(-5.9;0.46)

0.107

Risk perception of HIV infection

No risk

23/400

5.3 (1.5;9.0)

8/166

3.7 (0.1;7.3)

(-2.37;5.64)

0.539

less risk

27/508

4.2 (0.4;7.9)

32/511

6.1 (3.2;8.8)

(-4.83;0.96)

0.208

Moderate

27/254

10.9 (5.3;16.5)

18/321

3.4 (1.5;5.4)

(2.91;12.28)

0.001

Elevated

23/154

15.9 (7.8;23.9)

19/177

10.4 (4.4;16.5)

(-2.45;13.28)

0.19

Circumcised

No

65/493

11.7 (7.6;15.8)

37/139

25.1 (16.7;33.4)

(-21.63;-5.2)

< 0.001

Yes

49/883

5.9 (2.2;9.6)

141/1441

7.8 (3.6;11.9)

(-4.05;0.29)

0.102

Sought health care in the last year

No

41/697

5.4 (2.31;8.49)

78/872

7.2 (4.8;9.6)

(-4.31;0.76)

0.187

Yes

73/679

10.7 (7.2;14.14)

100/705

11.3 (8.1;14.5)

(-4.04;2.85)

0.789