Relationship between self-reported hearing and vision problems, cognitive decline, depressive symptoms, and life satisfaction in older adults: a retrospective observational study

Table 1 Characteristics of participants

Variables	N	Frequency	t value for difference between groups with and without hearing problems	t value for difference between groups with and without vision problems
Gender			1.12	3.28**
Male	2,947	52.1%
Female	2,712	47.9%
Education level
1. No formal education (illiterate) (reference category)	1344	23.8%
2. ≤ Primary School	2563	45.3%	-0.15	0.07
3. ≤Junior middle school	1057	18.7%	-2.74**	-3.75***
4. ≥Senior middle school	694	12.3%	-1.29	-3.00**
Marital status			1.26	2.46*
1. Married	4795	84.7%
2. Single	863	15.3%
Region			3.07**	0.63
Urban	1743	30.8
Rural	3915	69.2
Hypertension			-1.03	-2.45*
Yes	673	11.9%
No	4985	88.1%
Dyslipidemia			-3.09**	-2.44*
Yes	592	10.5%
No	5066	89.5%
Diabetes			-2.33*	-2.40*
Yes	337	6.0%
No	5321	94.0%
Stroke			0.95	-1.42
Yes	339	6.0%
No	5319	94%
Smoking Status			0.96	-2.24*
Smoker	1590	28.1%
Non-smoker	4068	71.9%
Drinking Status	1971	34.8%	0.66	2.66**
Drinkers	3687	65.2%
Non-drinkers

ISSN: 1471-2458