Table 1 Sex-stratified baseline characteristics of participants
From: Sex differences and dietary patterns in the association of air pollutants and hypertension
Variables | Male (N = 1466) | Female (N = 1723) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
SBP (Mean ± SD) | 137.5 ± 17.9 | 133.3 ± 20.1 | < 0.001 |
DBP (Mean ± SD) | 81.9 ± 10.7 | 77.8 ± 10.3 | < 0.001 |
Age (Mean ± SD) | 56.5 ± 14.5 | 54.3 ± 14.7 | < 0.001 |
BMI (Mean ± SD) | 25.0 ± 3.3 | 24.8 ± 3.6 | 0.225 |
Dietary score (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Q1[-4.8, -1.1] | 405 (27.6%) | 658 (38.2%) | |
Q2[-1.1, 0.6] | 492 (33.6%) | 571 (33.1%) | |
Q3[0.6,16.1] | 569 (38.8%) | 494 (28.7%) | |
PM2.5, µg/m3(%) | 0.711 | ||
Q1[53.7,67.9] | 525 (35.8%) | 593 (34.4%) | |
Q2[67.9,72.0] | 458 (31.2%) | 552(32.0%) | |
Q3[72.0,88.1] | 483 (32.9%) | 578(33.5%) | |
O3, µg/m3(%) | 0.769 | ||
Q1[121.4,133.1] | 506 (34.5%) | 613(35.6%) | |
Q2[133.1,142.0] | 518(35.3%) | 590 (34.2%) | |
Q3[142.0,154.2] | 442 (30.2%) | 520 (30.2%) | |
Hypertension (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 645(44.0%) | 588 (34.1%) | |
No | 821(56.0%) | 1135 (65.9%) | |
Annual household Income, yuan (%) | 0.922 | ||
Q1[1200,40000] | 508 (34.7%) | 605 (35.1%) | |
Q2[40000,72000] | 495(33.8%) | 585 (34.0%) | |
Q3[72000,1440000] | 463 (31.6%) | 533 (30.9%) | |
Physical activity (%) | 0.002 | ||
Low | 535 (36.5%) | 528 (30.6%) | |
Moderate | 479 (32.7%) | 595 (34.5%) | |
High | 452 (30.8%) | 600 (34.8%) | |
The main source of cooking fuel (%) | 0.690 | ||
Solid fuel a | 238 (16.2%) | 299 (17.4%) | |
Clean fuel b | 1225 (83.6%) | 1421 (82.5%) | |
Other fuels c | 3 (0.2%) | 3 (0.2%) | |
Ethnicity (%) | 1.000 | ||
Han | 1460 (99.6%) | 1716 (99.6%) | |
Other | 6 (0.4%) | 7 (0.4%) | |
Age (years) | < 0.001 | ||
< 45 | 305 (20.8%) | 441 (25.6%) | |
45–65 | 685 (46.7%) | 839 (48.7%) | |
≥ 65 | 476 (32.5%) | 443 (25.7%) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | < 0.001 | ||
< 24 | 565 (38.5%) | 764 (44.3%) | |
24–28 | 655 (44.7%) | 650 (37.7%) | |
≥ 28 | 246 (16.8%) | 309 (17.9%) | |
Family history of hypertension (%) | 0.323 | ||
Yes | 649 (44.3%) | 794 (46.1%) | |
No | 817 (55.7%) | 929 (53.9%) | |
Education qualifications (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Primary schools and below | 480 (32.7%) | 819 (47.5%) | |
Junior middle school | 505 (34.4%) | 483 (28%) | |
High school and above | 481 (32.8%) | 421 (24.4%) | |
Marital status (%) | 0.269 | ||
Divorced/Widowed/Unmarried/separate (married couple) | 87 (5.9%) | 120 (7.0%) | |
Married/Cohabiting | 1379 (94.1%) | 1603 (93.0%) | |
Occupation (%) | < 0.001 | ||
low intensity | 813 (55.5%) | 1114 (64.7%) | |
moderate intensity | 127 (8.7%) | 69 (4.0%) | |
high intensity | 314 (21.4%) | 377 (21.9%) | |
other | 212 (14.5%) | 163 (9.5%) | |
Smoking (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Current smoker | 752 (51.3%) | 32 (1.9%) | |
Previous smoker | 237 (16.2%) | 12 (0.7%) | |
Never | 477 (32.5%) | 1679 (97.4%) | |
Drinking (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 926 (63.2%) | 311 (18%) | |
No | 540 (36.8%) | 1412 (82%) | |
Total energy (Mean ± SD) | 2172.18 ± 678.7 | 1797.1 ± 595.6 | < 0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 0.217 | ||
Yes | 149 (10.2%) | 152 (8.9%) | |
No | 1309 (89.8%) | 1562 (91.1%) | |
Dyslipidemia (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 517 (37.5%) | 471 (28.8%) | |
No | 860 (62.5%) | 1166 (71.2%) | |
Cardiovascular disease (%) | 0.305 | ||
Yes | 193 (13.2%) | 205 (11.9%) | |
No | 1273 (86.8%) | 1518 (88.1%) |