Table 1 Characteristics of the participants according to the ratio of calcium at dinner versus breakfast in NHANES (2003–2018)
Q1 (N = 7,233) | Q2 (N = 7,233) | Q3 (N = 7,232) | Q4 (N = 7,233) | Q5 (N = 7,233) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 51.1(19.2) | 51.1(19.2) | 50.6(19.0) | 48.2(18.6) | 45.2(17.6) | < 0.001 |
Gender (men) (n, %) | 3,462(47.9) | 3,434(47.5) | 3,419(47.3) | 3,455(47.8) | 3,686(51.0) | < 0.001 |
Education (College graduate or above) (n, %) | 1,397(19.3) | 1,782(24.6) | 1,877(26.0) | 1,843(25.5) | 1,609(22.2) | < 0.001 |
Married (n, %) | 3,641(50.3) | 3,830(53.0) | 3,895(53.9) | 3,914(54.1) | 3,602(50.0) | < 0.001 |
Current Smoking (n, %) | 1,201(16.7) | 1,180(16.3) | 1,262(17.5) | 1,427(19.7) | 1,939(26.8) | < 0.001 |
Drinking (drinks/week) Moderate physical activity (n, %) | 4.1(37.1) 2,802(38.7) | 3.8(35.2) 3,046(42.1) | 3.1(22.4) 3,135(43.3) | 3.0(19.1) 3,094(42.8) | 3.9(31.6) 3,154(43.6) | 0.291 < 0.001 |
Income (>$20,000) | 5,214(72.1) | 5,428(75.0) | 5,469(75.6) | 5,598(77.4) | 5,501(76.1) | < 0.001 |
Total energy (kcal/d) | 1,917.9(728.9) | 2,013.1(747.5) | 2,034.3(745.7) | 2,079.3(763.1) | 2,077.3(783.3) | < 0.001 |
Total protein (g/d) | 77.0(33.0) | 80.3(33.1) | 80.3(32.9) | 81.4(33.6) | 79.8(33.8) | < 0.001 |
Total carbohydrates (g/d) | 240.7(95.6) | 248.9(98.3) | 249.0(98.8) | 249.3(99.9) | 246.3(102.3) | < 0.002 |
Total fat (g/d) | 70.0(34.1) | 75.2(35.1) | 77.2(35.0) | 80.8(36.3) | 81.3(36.6) | < 0.001 |
Total SFA (g/d) | 22.5(12.0) | 24.2(12.5) | 25.0(12.4) | 26.4(13.2) | 26.6(13.1) | < 0.001 |
Total MUFA (g/d) | 25.2(13.2) | 27.1(13.5) | 27.8(13.4) | 29.0(13.9) | 29.3(13.9) | < 0.001 |
Total PUFA (g/d) | 15.9(8.9) | 17.2(9.2) | 17.6(9.3) | 18.2(9.3) | 18.2(9.7) | < 0.001 |
Total calcium (mg/d) | 929(487.5) | 920.4(458.9) | 916.5(466.2) | 903.7(473.6) | 856.2(458.7 | < 0.001 |
UA (mg/dL) | 5.4(1.5) | 5.4(1.4) | 5.4(1.4) | 5.4(1.4) | 5.4(1.4) | < 0.001 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.9(1.1) | 4.9(1.1) | 4.9(1.1) | 4.9(1.1) | 4.9(1.1) | 0.130 |
HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.4(0.4) | 1.4(0.4) | 1.4(0.4) | 1.4(0.4) | 1.4(0.4) | 0.529 |
Hypertension (n, %) | 1,465(20.2) | 1,423(20.0) | 1,442(19.9) | 1,324(18.3) | 1,217(16.8) | < 0.001 |
T2DM (n, %) | 1,308(18.1) | 1,302(18.0) | 1,245(17.2) | 1,150(15.9) | 922(12.7) | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.7(6.4) | 28.8(6.7) | 28.9(6.8) | 29.1(7.1) | 29.3(7.3) | < 0.001 |