Table 1 Clinical characteristics according to exercise type pre- and post-PSM

Unweighted N

13,971

1325

1983

1864

4602

4197

4915

983

983

983

983

983

Age (years)

48.20 ± 16.43

41.70 ± 16.10

45.36 ± 15.22

49.11 ± 16.72

47.96 ± 16.26

52.02 ± 16.15

< 0.001**

49.23 ± 15.79

49.23 ± 15.80

49.23 ± 15.80

49.23 ± 15.80

49.23 ± 15.80

49.23 ± 15.80

> 0.999

Sex (%)

< 0.001**

> 0.999

Male

49.2

68.1

49.7

63.8

40.2

45.3

56.8

56.8

56.8

56.8

56.8

56.8

Female

50.8

31.9

50.3

36.2

59.8

54.7

43.2

43.2

43.2

43.2

43.2

43.2

Educational status (%)

< 0.001**

< 0.001**

Elementary school

12

3.7

7

8.8

12.2

19.3

9.8

6.2

8.5

9.1

10.8

14.5

Middle school

7.8

4.8

6.3

8

7.8

9.8

8.9

7

8.4

8.2

10

11

High school

36.9

39.6

37.6

37.3

37.1

34.9

36.5

37

36.3

36.1

36.8

36.4

College or University

43.3

51.9

49.1

46

42.9

36

44.7

49.7

46.7

46.6

42.4

38

Alcohol consumption (yes, %)

55.4

66

60.1

60.2

52.7

49.6

< 0.001**

59.6

63

60.8

59.7

57.2

57.1

0.036*

Smoking history (%)

< 0.001**

< 0.001**

No

57.8

49.6

57.1

50.1

63.3

58.8

51.8

53.2

52

52.2

51.8

49.7

Current

18.2

19.6

19.3

17

16.5

19.9

19.3

15.1

20.2

16.3

20.5

24.5

Former

23.9

30.8

23.7

33

20.3

21.4

28.9

31.7

27.8

31.5

27.7

25.7

Household income status (%)

< 0.001**

< 0.001**

Low

14.1

7.5

10.8

13.2

14.4

18.6

13

10.1

12.8

11.9

15.3

15.2

Mid-low

23.1

20

21.9

21.7

24.7

23.7

22.8

19.9

22.6

22.6

23.2

25.9

Mid-high

29.3

30.4

30.1

27.8

29.3

29.2

29.9

29.6

29.7

29.6

31.2

29.5

High

33.4

42.1

37.2

37.2

31.6

28.4

34.2

40.4

34.9

35.9

30.3

29.4

Body mass index (%)

< 0.001**

< 0.001**

Underweight (< 18.5)

4

2.4

3.6

3

5.2

4

3.5

1.7

3.5

3.9

3.6

5

Normal (≥ 18.5 and < 25)

58.8

61.4

55.4

61.8

59

57.9

59.7

63.2

56.2

64.3

58.3

56.6

Obese (≥ 25)

37.2

36.3

41.1

35.2

35.8

38.1

36.8

35.1

40.4

31.8

38.1

38.5

WC (cm)

84.19 ± 10.86

83.46 ± 10.21

84.37 ± 10.96

84.01 ± 10.32

83.55 ± 11.14

85.23 ± 10.88

< 0.001**

84.45 ± 10.63

83.34 ± 9.61

85.05 ± 10.68

83.16 ± 10.49

85.31 ± 11.06

85.39 ± 11.03

< 0.001**

Mean BP (mmHg)

89.79 ± 10.77

88.94 ± 10.22

89.73 ± 10.88

89.34 ± 10.01

89.65 ± 11.09

90.54 ± 10.85

< 0.001**

90.27 ± 10.53

89.53 ± 10.24

90.59 ± 10.78

89.14 ± 10.05

90.88 ± 11.01

91.20 ± 10.41

< 0.001**

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

193.05 ± 38.66

193.61 ± 37.27

195.59 ± 38.59

191.02 ± 37.26

193.44 ± 38.26

192.00 ± 40.23

0.001**

193.24 ± 38.65

194.02 ± 38.90

194.88 ± 39.49

193.09 ± 37.11

191.48 ± 38.68

192.71 ± 38.99

0.354

TG (mg/dL)

131.10 ± 106.97

119.52 ± 117.23

131.58 ± 123.47

127.73 ± 107.46

129.89 ± 94.78

138.34 ± 106.24

< 0.001**

131.29 ± 104.66

117.74 ± 92.66

131.62 ± 104.59

131.42 ± 129.07

133.86 ± 87.64

141.82 ± 103.18

< 0.001**

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

52.25 ± 12.83

54.02 ± 13.18

53.22 ± 13.21

51.95 ± 12.86

52.49 ± 12.50

50.92 ± 12.72

< 0.001**

52.49 ± 13.07

54.60 ± 13.84

52.94 ± 13.30

52.70 ± 13.03

51.15 ± 12.09

51.04 ± 12.73

< 0.001**

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

116.14 ± 34.55

117.17 ± 32.91

117.64 ± 34.00

114.98 ± 33.27

116.45 ± 34.90

115.15 ± 35.59

0.027*

116.03 ± 34.61

116.80 ± 34.52

116.96 ± 35.11

115.92 ± 32.88

115.08 ± 35.56

115.39 ± 34.94

0.684

Glucose (mg/dL)

100.79 ± 22.35

97.47 ± 19.15

99.80 ± 21.52

99.52 ± 18.90

100.92 ± 23.02

103.06 ± 24.33

< 0.001**

101.52 ± 22.28

100.36 ± 21.75

101.55 ± 22.59

100.17 ± 20.33

103.03 ± 23.76

102.47 ± 22.72

0.014*

Insulin (IU/L)

9.07 ± 6.97

7.99 ± 5.64

9.06 ± 6.42

8.57 ± 6.40

9.23 ± 6.82

9.55 ± 8.00

< 0.001**

8.64 ± 6.41

7.65 ± 5.35

8.71 ± 6.18

8.28 ± 5.72

9.36 ± 7.91

9.20 ± 6.44

< 0.001**

HOMR-IR

2.34 ± 2.20

1.98 ± 1.84

2.30 ± 1.91

2.18 ± 1.89

2.38 ± 2.19

2.53 ± 2.56

< 0.001**

2.25 ± 2.17

1.96 ± 1.93

2.23 ± 1.80

2.13 ± 1.96

2.49 ± 2.96

2.40 ± 1.95

< 0.001**

HbA1c (%)

5.77 ± 0.82

5.61 ± 0.68

5.72 ± 0.79

5.71 ± 0.69

5.78 ± 0.87

5.87 ± 0.87

< 0.001**

5.78 ± 0.81

5.72 ± 0.77

5.80 ± 0.79

5.73 ± 0.73

5.83 ± 0.89

5.82 ± 0.86

0.007**

TyG Index

8.59 ± 0.66

8.44 ± 0.67

8.57 ± 0.66

8.55 ± 0.65

8.59 ± 0.64

8.66 ± 0.66

< 0.001**

8.60 ± 0.66

8.49 ± 0.65

8.61 ± 0.64

8.56 ± 0.68

8.66 ± 0.63

8.69 ± 0.67

< 0.001**

AST (IU/L)

24.82 ± 14.36

25.99 ± 16.63

24.82 ± 13.60

25.88 ± 20.94

24.19 ± 12.35

24.58 ± 11.83

< 0.001**

25.26 ± 16.22

25.93 ± 16.72

24.85 ± 11.82

25.56 ± 20.90

25.41 ± 17.66

24.54 ± 12.12

0.324

ALT (IU/L)

24.53 ± 20.39

25.69 ± 21.48

24.83 ± 19.38

24.88 ± 21.74

23.85 ± 19.78

24.57 ± 20.48

0.026*

24.71 ± 20.53

24.53 ± 19.86

23.96 ± 16.76

24.01 ± 21.16

25.49 ± 20.60

25.56 ± 23.67

0.231

WBC (× 10³/µL)

6.17 ± 1.68

6.08 ± 1.67

6.17 ± 1.64

6.03 ± 1.60

6.17 ± 1.69

6.26 ± 1.70

< 0.001**

6.13 ± 1.68

5.89 ± 1.61

6.18 ± 1.64

5.90 ± 1.56

6.28 ± 1.74

6.41 ± 1.77

< 0.001**

MetS (yes, %)

27.8

18.6

26.1

24.1

28.3

33.3

< 0.001**

27.9

22.2

28.9

23.1

31.8

33.6

< 0.001**

HTN (yes, %)

54.4

49.5

51.8

54.6

52.5

59.7

< 0.001**

57

53.3

59.6

53.1

59.5

59.7

< 0.001**

DM (yes, %)

53.4

40.7

50.9

52.2

52.9

60.8

< 0.001**

55.5

52

56.9

53.3

57.4

58

0.022*

Dyslipidemia (yes, %)

34.9

27.5

33.5

32.9

35

39.4

< 0.001**

35.4

33.4

38.1

32.3

36

37.2

0.031*