Table 5 Associations between demographic and psychosocial variables, pain, and health literacy and HRQOL or HRQOL (RAND-36 PCS and RAND-36 MCS) examined by linear regression analyses (N = 320)

Gender (Ref = father)

–1.32

–3.58, 0.93

0.247

–1.12

–3.01, 0.76

0.243

Age

0.05

–0.15, 0.26

0.610

0.21

0.04, 0.39

0.013

Living conditions

 Married/cohabitating

ref

ref

 Single/divorced, widow/widower

0.86

–1.34, 3.08

0.441

–1.21

–3.05, 0.63

0.196

Education

 Less than 13 years of education

ref

ref

 University less than 4 years

1.42

–1.34, 4.18

0.312

–0.51

–2.81, 1.80

0.665

 University 4 years or more

3.29

0.78, 5.80

0.010

0.28

–1.81, 2.38

0.789

Pain

 No pain

ref

ref

 Less than 3 months

–2.49

–5.00, 0.001

0.051

–0.41

–2.51, 1.68

0.697

 More than 3 months

–7.13

–9.20, − 5.06

<0.001

0.13

–1.60, 1.86

0.880

Health literacy

 HLQ sufficient information

0.58

–1.78, 2.91

0.630

–0.20

–2.17, 1.76

0.838

 HLQ ability to find information

0.94

–1.11, 2.98

0.367

1.07

–0.68, 2.78

0.219

Self-efficacy ^a

–0.18

–2.56, 2.22

0.885

–0.44

–2.44, 1.56

0.663

Loneliness ^b

–0.15

–0.39, 0.10

0.239

–0.12

–0.32, 0.08

0.236

Stress ^c

–4.28

–10.81, 2.24

0.197

–43.11

–48.83, − 37.38

<0.001

R² adj

22.2%

57.4%