The relationship between gender, psychosocial factors, pain, health literacy and health-related quality of life in parents of Norwegian adolescents one year into the COVID-19 pandemic

Table 3 Descriptive characteristics of HRQOL, self-efficacy, self-esteem, loneliness, and stress (N = 320), and differences between mothers (N = 258) and fathers (N = 62)

	All	Mothers	Fathers	p value
HRQOL
RAND-36 PCS^a	52.1 (8.5)	51.6 (9.1)	54.1 (5.6)	<0.001
RAND-36 MCS^a	51.0 (9.6)	50.4 (10.1)	53.7 (6.6)	<0.001
RAND-36 eight domains
Bodily pain	78.2 (22.8)	76.6 (34.0)	84.4 (15.7)	<0.001
General health	76.1 (19.7)	75.0 (20.6)	80.5 (14.4)	0.016
Physical function	93.4 (13.8)	92.6 (14.9)	96.6 (7.1)	0.003
Physical role function	84.1 (31.5)	82.0 (33.1)	92.7 (21.9)	<0.001
Mental health	79.7 (14.0)	79.0 (14.7)	82.5 (10.2)	0.014
Vitality	63.2 (20.4)	61.7 (21.1)	69.4 (16.0)	0.017
Social function	86.8 (20.1)	85.4 (21.3)	92.7 (12.7)	<0.001
Emotional role function	83.0 (33.8)	80.5 (35.9)	93.5 (18.9)	<0.001
Psychological factors
General self-efficacy ^b	3.3 (0.4)	3.3 (0.4)	3.3 (0.4)	0.979
Loneliness ^c	13.7 (4.2)	13.7 (4.2)	13.6 (4.2)	0.545
Stress ^d	0.27 (0.16)	0.28 (0.16)	0.23 (0.14)	0.065
Self-esteem ^e	3.3 (0.6)	3.3 (0.6)	3.5 (0.5)	0.112

Independent sample t tests were used to compare mothers and fathers
^a The score for the SF-36 ranges from 0 to 100, where 100 indicates a high HRQOL. PCS, physical component summary; MCS, mental component summary
^b Self-efficacy: range 1–4, where higher values indicate higher levels of self-efficacy
^c Loneliness: range 8–32, where higher values indicate higher levels of loneliness
^d Stress: range 0–1, where higher values indicate higher levels of stress
^e Self-esteem: range 1–4, where higher values indicate higher levels of self-esteem

ISSN: 1471-2458