Table 3 Factors associated with unmet need for contraception from MICS 2006, 2014, 2018 and 2006–2018

Women’s age (years old)

 15–24

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 25–34

0.62 (0.47–0.81)^***

0.59 (0.44–0.78)^***

0.58 (0.42–0.78)^***

0.60 (0.51–0.71)^***

 35–44

0.40 (0.27–0.60)^***

0.26 (0.17–0.40)^***

0.44 (0.29–0.68)^***

0.36 (0.28–0.46)^***

 45–49

0.35 (0.18–0.69)^**

0.16 (0.08–0.33)^***

0.18 (0.08–0.39)^***

0.22 (0.15–0.33)^***

Women’s education

 Lower secondary school or lower

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 High school

0.67 (0.48–0.94)^*

1.13 (0.80–1.60)

0.97 (0.70–1.34)

0.86 (0.71–1.04)

 Higher education or higher

0.64 (0.43–0.93)^*

1.31 (0.91–1.88)

0.85 (0.61–1.20)

0.88 (0.71–1.07)

Area of residence

 Urban

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Rural

0.90 (0.71–1.14)

0.71 (0.55–0.91)^**

0.82 (0.63–1.07)

0.82 (0.71–0.94)^**

Region

 North

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 South

1.75 (1.39–2.20)^***

0.89 (0.72–1.11)

0.91 (0.72–1.15)

1.12 (0.99–1.28)

Mother tongue of household head

 Kyrgyz

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Russian

0.65 (0.46–0.92)^*

0.62 (0.39–0.97)^*

0.53 (0.30–0.92)^*

0.62 (0.49–0.79)^***

 Uzbek

0.57 (0.44–0.74)^***

0.93 (0.69–1.26)

0.72 (0.53–0.98)^*

0.70 (0.59–0.82)^***

 Others

0.77 (0.53–1.13)

0.98 (0.60–1.62)

0.79 (0.50–1.26)

0.85 (0.67–1.09)

Wealth index quintiles

 Poorest

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 Second

1.35 (1.01–1.79)^*

1.21 (0.92–1.61)

1.18 (0.89–1.57)

1.23 (1.04–1.44)^*

 Middle

1.08 (0.81–1.45)

1.09 (0.81–1.46)

1.02 (0.75–1.38)

1.08 (0.92–1.28)

 Fourth

1.21 (0.88–1.67)

0.80 (0.57–1.12)

0.95 (0.68–1.33)

1.00 (0.83–1.20)

 Richest

1.30 (0.89–1.88)

0.95 (0.65–1.38)

0.91 (0.60–1.38)

1.05 (0.84–1.31)

Age of husband/partner (years old)

 15–24

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 25–34

0.89 (0.63–1.25)

0.78 (0.53–1.15)

0.78 (0.50–1.23)

0.82 (0.66–1.02)

 35–44

0.70 (0.46–1.08)

0.60 (0.38–0.97)^*

0.66 (0.39–1.12)

0.67 (0.51–0.87)^**

 ≥ 45

0.74 (0.42–1.29)

0.71 (0.39–1.29)

0.51 (0.27–0.96)^*

0.66 (0.47–0.92)^*

Number of children ever born

 0

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 1

2.44 (1.63–3.65)^***

8.58 (4.12–17.89)^***

5.40 (2.77–10.55)^***

3.87 (2.87–5.22)^***

 2

2.24 (1.46–3.44)^***

14.77 (7.10–30.74)^***

7.19 (3.68–14.02)^***

4.84 (3.57–6.55)^***

 ≥ 3

2.81 (1.80–4.39)^***

23.45 (11.07–49.69)^***

12.61 (6.37–24.96)^***

7.43 (5.43–10.17)^***

Attitude toward DV

 DV completely unacceptable

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

 DV somehow acceptable

0.87 (0.71–1.07)

0.96 (0.79–1.17)

0.87 (0.71–1.08)

0.92 (0.82–1.03)

 DV completely acceptable

1.29 (0.84–1.98)

1.01 (0.55–1.85)

1.30 (0.79–2.12)

1.28 (0.97–1.68)