Association of daily sitting time and coffee consumption with the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among US adults

Table 3 Joint association of daily sitting time and coffee consumption with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality

Mortality outcome	Sedentary time	Death/No.	Weighted death (%)	Hazard ratio (95% CI)
Mortality outcome	Sedentary time	Death/No.	Weighted death (%)	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
All causes
Coffee consumers	Sitting time, < 6 h/d	272/2878	2,904,562 (6.4)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Coffee consumers	Sitting time, ≥ 6 h/d	329/2666	4,198,239 (8.2)	1.40 (1.12, 1.74)	1.31 (1.05, 1.63)	1.22 (0.97, 1.54)
Non-consumers	Sitting time, < 6 h/d	145/2645	1,754,762 (4.4)	1.31 (1.02, 1.69)	1.30 (1.01, 1.67)	1.28 (0.99, 1.65)
Non-consumers	Sitting time, ≥ 6 h/d	199/2450	2,278,607(5.3)	1.58 (1.24, 2.01)	1.66 (1.31, 2.09)	1.58 (1.25, 1.99)
CVD
Coffee consumers	Sitting time, < 6 h/d	73/2878	713,171 (1.6)	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Coffee consumers	Sitting time, ≥ 6 h/d	96/2666	1,110,734 (2.2)	1.54 (1.15, 2.06)	1.39 (1.01, 1.93)	1.27 (0.91, 1.75)
Non-consumers	Sitting time, < 6 h/d	49/2645	597,306 (1.5)	1.90 (1.17, 3.09)	1.85 (1.13, 3.04)	1.78 (1.08, 2.95)
Non-consumers	Sitting time, ≥ 6 h/d	66/2450	780,716 (1.8)	2.34 (1.53, 3.58)	2.29 (1.46, 3.59)	2.10 (1.34, 3.29)

Abbreviations: h/d, hours per day; NHANES, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Model 1: adjusted age
Model 2: multivariable model additionally adjusted for sex (male/female), race and ethnicity (non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, non-Hispanic White, other race or ethnicity [including American Indian/Alaska Native/Pacific Islander, Asian, multiracial]), education level (< high school, high school, > high school), BMI (< 25, 25-29.9, > 30), waist circumference, marital status (married, divorced, unmarried), smoking status (never, former, current), alcohol use (never, ever, mild, moderate, heavy) and Healthy Eating Index-2015 score, family poverty income ratio (< 1.30, 1.30–3.49 or > 3.5), hypertension (yes/no), history of diabetes (yes/no), hypercholesterolemia (yes/no), cardiovascular disease (yes/no) and history of cancer diagnosis (yes/no)
Model 3: additionally adjusted for PA

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