Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the Kaunas HAPIEE study sample according to grip strength terciles and sex

Grip strength, kg,

median/mean ± SD

47.0

55.0

29.0

34.0

48.1 ± 8.67

29.2 ± 6.09 *

SBP mm Hg, median/mean ± SD

142.7

141.0 ^c

133.0 ^d

131.0 ^c

144.6 ± 21.14

134.5 ± 20.94 *

BMI kg/m², median/mean ± SD

27.6 ^d

28.6 ^c

29.4 ± 5.66

29.4 ± 5.84

28.3 ± 4.60

29.5 ± 5.77 *

Total Chol mmol/L,

median/mean ± SD

5.84 ± 1.11 ^a

5.86 ± 1.07 ^a

6.02

5.93

5.80 ± 1.10

6.06 ± 1.12 *

Tg mmol/L, median

1.23 ^d

1.31 ^c

1.23

1.20 ^c

1.25

1.22

Fasting glucose mmol/L,

median

5.60

5.60

5.60

5.60 ^a

5.60

5. 60.

Smoking status, %

Current

35.6

36.8

13.6 ^e

16.1^e

35.6

13.6 ^#

Former

30.2

28.8

8.2 ^e

10.9 ^e

29.0

8.4 ^#

Never

34.2

34.4

78.2 ^{e, f}

73.1 ^e

35.5

78.1 ^#

Alcohol consumption, %

Every day or almost every day

6.3

6.2

0.9

0.9

6.4

1.1 ^#

2–4 times per week

17.2

17.8

2.7

3.1

16.8

3.1 ^#

Once a week

16.6

19.7 ^e

8.4 ^e

9.6 ^e

17.0

8.1^#

1–3 times per month

35.0

34.4

33.1 ^f

38.5 ^e

34.3

33.8

Less than once a month

20.2 ^e

17.2 ^a

48.5 ^f

44.1 ^e

20.3

47.4 ^#

Never

4.7

4.6

6.4 ^{e, f}

3.6 ^e

5.3

6.5 ^#

Physically active, %

64.8

67.8

81.5 ^e

83.9 ^e

66.7

81.1 ^#

Sociodemographic factors:

Age, years, median/mean ± SD

59.0 ^{c, d}

53.0 ^c

58.0 ^{c, d}

53.0 ^c

57.4 ± 7.96

57.2 ± 7.89

Marital status, %

Married

83.3

86.6 ^e

58.4 ^{e, f}

63.9 ^e

83.4

58.9 ^#

Single

3.0 ^f

1.1

6.4

7.0

2.0

6.3 ^#

Living unmarried

2.0

1.9

0.9

1.7 ^e

1.8

1.1 ^#

Divorced

8.7

7.5

17.2

17.2

8.6

17.1 ^#

Widowed

3.0 ^e

2.9 ^e

17.1 ^{e, f}

10.2 ^e

4.1

16.6 ^#

Education, %

Primary

4.1 ^{e, f}

1.1 ^e

4.2 ^{e, f}

1.5 ^e

4.8

4.7

Vocational

9.7 ^{e, f}

5.0 ^e

6.9 ^{e, f}

3.9 ^e

9.0

6.6 ^#

Secondary

35.3

32.4

25.4

24.0 ^e

33.0

25.9 ^#

College

17.9

21.7 ^e

29.0 ^e

31.5 ^e

19.1

28.5 ^#

University

33.1 ^{e, f}

39.8 ^e

34.6 ^e

39.1 ^e

34.0

34.2

Employment status, %

Employed

53.2 ^{e, f}

73.4 ^e

47.0 ^{e, f}

66.9 ^e

53.5

47.4 ^#

Employed-retired

15.6 ^f

8.6 ^f

12.1 ^f

8.2 ^e

13.7

10.5 ^#

Employed-disabled

4.7

4.7

4.6

4.1

4.8

4.6

Unemployed

2.7

3.9

4.4

4.1

3.3

4.1

Retired

14.9 ^{e, f}

4.6 ^e

24.9 ^{e, f}

11.3 ^e

15.3

24.1^#

Disabled

8.8 ^{e, f}

4.8 ^e

6.9 ^e

5.3 ^e

9.4

9.2

Social activity, %

Low

30.2 ^{e, f}

20.7 ^e

23.3 ^{e, f}

18.9 ^e

30.0

24.9 ^#

Medium

35.2

32.9

40.9

37.8

34.4

39.0 ^#

High

34.5 ^{e, f}

46.5 ^e

35.9 ^{e, f}

43.2 ^e

35.6

36.1

IHD, %

14.8 ^{e, f}

13.2 ^e

17.2 ^{e, f}

14.8 ^e

15.2

17.2

Previous stroke, %

3.6 ^{e, f}

1.7 ^e

3.2 ^{e, f}

0.8 ^e

3.9

3.1

Normal cognitive function, %

80.8 ^e

81.9 ^e

88.7 ^e

91.1 ^e

79.5

88.4 ^#

Depressive symptoms, %

14.6 ^e

12.5 ^e

26.4 ^{e, f}

22.0 ^e

15.7

28.6 ^#

Higher psychological well-being, %

53.4 ^e

58.5 ^e

57.5 ^{e, f}

65.2 ^e

53.1

56.7

Self-rated quality of life, %

Very poor and poor

4.1 ^f

1.8 ^f

3.8 ^{e, f}

1.8 ^e

3.1

4.2 ^#

Average

46.0 ^{e, f}

39.3 ^e

47.9 ^{e, f}

40.3 ^e

45.8

47.1

Good

48.4 ^{e, f}

56.3 ^e

46.6 ^{e, f}

55.8 ^e

49.0

47.1

Very good

1.6

2.7

1.7 ^f

2.0 ^f

2.0

1.6