Table 3 Effects of category 1 ICs on all-cause mortality rate among PLWH

Age group

 15≦ ~  < 25

Reference

Reference

 25≦ ~  < 35

2.20 (1.74–2.79)

< 0.001

1.62 (1.25–2.11)

 < 0.001

 35≦ ~  < 45

4.96 (3.91–6.29)

< 0.001

2.78 (2.11–3.67)

 < 0.001

 45≦ ~  < 55

8.77 (6.80–11.30)

< 0.001

3.69 (2.72–5.01)

 < 0.001

 > 55

18.43 (14.12–24.05)

< 0.001

5.58 (3.95–7.89)

 < 0.001

Male gender (vs. female gender)

0.48 (0.37–0.62)

< 0.001

1.12 (0.85–1.47)

0.416

Cerebral vascular disease (vs. no)

5.81 (4.13–8.19)

< 0.001

1.50 (1.03–2.18)

0.033

Chronic lung disease (vs. no)

1.94 (1.55–2.43)

< 0.001

1.01 (0.80–1.28)

0.905

Diabetes mellitus (vs. no)

4.96 (3.97–6.20)

< 0.001

1.68 (1.32–2.15)

 < 0.001

Renal disease (vs. no)

6.87 (4.65–10.15)

< 0.001

1.69 (1.10–2.60)

0.017

HIV transmission routes

 PWID

Reference

Reference

Reference

 MSM

0.21 (0.18–0.25)

< 0.001

0.40 (0.31–0.50)

 < 0.001

 Heterosexual contact

0.67 (0.55–0.81)

< 0.001

0.54 (0.42–0.68)

 < 0.001

Calendar year of the index date

 2009

Reference

Reference

 2010

0.83 (0.67–1.02)

0.071

0.90 (0.73–1.11)

0.334

 2011

0.86 (0.69–1.06)

0.149

0.98 (0.79–1.21)

0.858

 2012

0.72 (0.58–0.91)

0.005

0.86 (0.68–1.07)

0.178

 2013

0.62 (0.49–0.79)

< 0.001

0.79 (0.62–1.01)

0.058

 2014

0.62 (0.48–0.81)

< 0.001

0.79 (0.61–1.03)

0.08

 2015

0.48 (0.36–0.65)

< 0.001

0.58 (0.43–0.78)

 < 0.001

Marriage

 No

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Unknown

0.52 (0.07–3.66)

0.509

0.41 (0.06–2.96)

0.379

 Yes

3.92 (3.42–4.49)

< 0.001

1.09 (0.90–1.31)

0.392

Employment

 No

Reference

Reference

 Student

0.15 (0.10–0.21)

< 0.001

0.59 (0.39–0.88)

0.011

 Unknown

0.75 (0.60–0.93)

0.009

0.97 (0.78–1.22)

0.809

 Yes

0.51 (0.44–0.58)

< 0.001

0.79 (0.67–0.93)

0.005

Specimen source

 HIV referral center

Reference

Reference

 Military screening

0.22 (0.12–0.43)

< 0.001

0.58 (0.29–1.14)

0.047

 Blood donation center

0.30 (0.16–0.55)

< 0.001

0.49 (0.26–0.91)

0.024

 Jail screening

1.90 (1.48–2.45)

< 0.001

0.58 (0.29–1.14)

0.113

 Others

1.19 (1.00–1.41)

0.047

HIV diagnosis region

 Kaoping area

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Central Taiwan

1.07 (0.87–1.31)

0.515

1.13 (0.92–1.40)

0.235

 Eastern Taiwan

1.30 (0.83–2.02)

0.251

1.42 (0.91–2.23)

0.120

 Northern Taiwan

0.92 (0.74–1.15)

0.476

1.05 (0.84–1.32)

0.662

 Southern Taiwan

1.10 (0.86–1.41)

0.444

0.95 (0.74–1.21)

0.665

 Taipei area

0.73 (0.61–0.88)

< 0.001

0.86 (0.72–1.04)

0.115

Category 1 ICs (vs. no)

4.44 (3.88–5.09)

< 0.001

3.08 (2.65–3.57)

 < 0.001