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Table 3 The Hazard ratio and 95% CI for the incidence of CVDs and mortality based on the diet quality indices joint association with smoking intensity and duration†

From: Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease incidence and all-cause mortality: the modifying role of diet quality

 

Hazard Ratio (95%CI)

Heavy smoker-poor diet quality

Heavy smoker-good diet quality

Light smoker-poor diet quality

Light smoker-good diet quality

Smoking intensity

    

CVDs

    

DQI-I

    

Crude model

Ref

1.34 (0.67, 2.65)

0.56 (0.25, 1.28)

0.47 (0.20, 1.06)

Model 1*

Ref

1.39 (0.70, 2.77)

0.62 (0.27, 1.41)

0.46 (0.20, 1.07)

Model 2**

Ref

1.32 (0.66, 2.66)

0.62 (0.27, 1.41)

0.42 (0.18, 0.99)

DQI-R

    

Crude model

Ref

1.08 (0.53, 2.17)

0.52 (0.24, 1.11)

0.40 (0.17, 0.92)

Model 1*

Ref

1.05 (0.52, 2.14)

0.53 (0.25, 1.15)

0.39 (0.17, 0.90)

Model 2**

Ref

0.99 (0.48, 2.05)

0.53 (0.24, 1.15)

0.35 (0.15, 0.83)

MED-DQI

    

Crude model

Ref

2.03 (0.97, 4.28)

0.68 (0.26, 1.79)

0.70 (0.29, 1.65)

Model 1*

Ref

1.91 (0.90, 4.06)

0.92 (0.34, 2.45)

0.58 (0.24, 1.40)

Model 2**

Ref

1.87 (0.88, 3.99)

0.91 (0.34, 2.43)

0.56 (0.23, 1.35)

All-cause mortality

    

DQI-I

    

Crude model

Ref

0.74 (0.27, 2.06)

0.50 (0.17, 1.47)

0.25 (0.06, 0.91)

Model 1*

Ref

0.62 (0.22, 1.75)

0.48 (0.16, 1.43)

0.19 (0.05, 0.74)

Model 2**

Ref

0.68 (0.24, 1.93)

0.49 (0.16, 1.50)

0.20 (0.05, 0.77)

DQI-R

    

Crude model

Ref

1.67 (0.62, 4.46)

0.78 (0.27, 2.26)

0.25 (0.05, 1.20)

Model 1*

Ref

1.60 (0.58, 4.43)

0.83 (0.28, 2.43)

0.21 (0.04, 1.02)

Model 2**

Ref

1.62 (0.58, 4.52)

0.85 (0.28, 2.54)

0.19 (0.03, 0.98)

MED-DQI

    

Crude model

Ref

1.89 (0.65, 5.45)

0.77 (0.20, 2.89)

0.50 (0.13, 1.87)

Model 1*

Ref

1.31 (0.44, 3.92)

0.96 (0.25, 3.64)

0.30 (0.07, 1.18)

Model 2**

Ref

1.40 (0.46, 4.24)

1.03 (0.27, 3.91)

0.29 (0.07, 1.21)

Smoking duration and intensity

    

Cardiovascular diseases

    

DQI-I

    

Crude model

Ref

0.93 (0.46, 1.87)

0.29 (0.11, 0.80)

0.35 (0.14, 0.85)

Model 1*

Ref

0.94 (0.46, 1.90)

0.46 (0.17, 1.27)

0.46 (0.19, 1.11)

Model 2**

Ref

0.90 (0.44, 1.84)

0.44 (0.16, 1.23)

0.41 (0.16, 1.03)

DQI-R

    

Crude model

Ref

0.71 (0.34, 1.47)

0.28 (0.11, 0.70)

0.31 (0.12, 0.77)

Model 1*

Ref

0.45 (0.18, 1.15)

0.45 (0.18, 1.15)

0.38 (0.15, 0.96)

Model 2**

Ref

0.64 (0.30, 1.35)

0.43 (0.17, 1.10)

0.32 (0.12, 0.83)

MED-DQI

    

Crude model

Ref

1.36 (0.66, 2.79)

0.24 (0.07, 0.87)

0.52 (0.22, 1.23)

Model 1*

Ref

1.27 (0.62, 2.62)

0.44 (0.12, 1.61)

0.59 (0.24, 1.42)

Model 2**

Ref

1.25 (0.60, 2.59)

0.43 (0.11, 1.56)

0.55 (0.22, 1.37)

All-cause mortality

    

DQI-I

    

Crude model

Ref

0.70 (0.27, 1.79)

0.27 (0.07, 0.96)

0.07 (0.01, 0.59)

Model 1*

Ref

0.61 (0.23, 1.57)

0.41 (0.11, 1.53)

0.08 (0.01, 0.65)

Model 2**

Ref

0.66 (0.25, 1.71)

0.44 (0.11, 1.75)

0.08 (0.01, 0.69)

DQI-R

    

Crude model

Ref

1.36 (0.56, 3.28)

0.42 (0.13, 1.35)

0.11 (0.01, 0.89)

Model 1*

Ref

1.32 (0.54, 3.22)

0.75 (0.22, 2.51)

0.12 (0.01, 1.01)

Model 2**

Ref

1.35 (0.55, 3.34)

0.84 (0.24, 2.92)

0.11 (0.01, 1.02)

MED-DQI

    

Crude model

Ref

1.75 (0.66, 4.61)

0.50 (0.12, 2.00)

0.11 (0.01, 0.95)

Model 1*

Ref

1.40 (0.52, 3.75)

1.10 (0.26, 4.61)

0.08 (0.01, 0.81)

Model 2**

Ref

1.42 (0.52, 3.90)

1.24 (0.29, 5.22)

0.07 (0.00, 0.81)

  1. Abbreviations: DQI-I: Diet quality index-international; DQI-R: Diet quality index-revised; Med-DQI: Mediterranean-diet quality index
  2. *Adjusted for age, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, and job status.
  3. **Additionally, adjusted for body mass index, physical activity, calorie intake, marriage status, and education level.
  4. † Significant HRs are bolded.
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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