Table 2 Association between witnessing inter-parental violence in childhood and VAW, ENDES 2019 (N = 14,256)

Witnessing inter-parental violence

Not

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

Yes

1.33(1.24–1.42)

< 0.001

1.25(1.17–1.33)

< 0.001

1.68(1.52–1.86)

< 0.001

1.52(1.38–1.67)

< 0.001

2.36(1.82–3.05)

< 0.001

1.99(1.57–2.52)

< 0.001

Age

15–28

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

29–35

0.96(0.89–1.04)

0.337

1.12(0.98–1.27)

0.091

1.06(0.93–1.21)

0.396

1.56(1.12–2.17)

0.009

1.43(0.99–2.07)

0.056

36–49

1.04(0.97–1.12)

0.263

1.35(1.19–1.53)

< 0.001

1.21(1.05–1.39)

0.009

2.15(1.6–2.88)

< 0.001

1.65(1.15–2.36)

0.006

Level Education

No Education/Primary ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

Secondary

1.08(1–1.16)

0.04

1.10(1.01–1.19)

0.022

0.95(0.84–1.06)

0.354

1.05(0.91–1.21)

0.494

0.72(0.56–0.94)

0.016

1.10(0.85–1.42)

0.474

Higher education

0.82(0.75–0.90)

< 0.001

0.95(0.86–1.06)

0.344

0.65(0.56–0.75)

< 0.001

0.91(0.74–1.12)

0.397

0.42(0.3–0.61)

< 0.001

1.25(0.82–1.92)

0.301

Marital Status

Married

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

Cohabiting

1.12(1.04–1.2)

0.003

1.07(1–1.14)

0.061

1.10(0.98–1.24)

0.12

1.16(0.88–1.52)

0.29

Economic level

Very Poor/Poor

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

Medium

1.03(0.95–1.11)

0.506

1.05(0.97–1.14)

0.207

0.95(0.85–1.08)

0.439

1.02(0.88–1.19)

0.755

0.81(0.57–1.16)

0.256

1.54(0.94–2.54)

0.087

Rich/Very rich

0.89(0.82–0.96)

0.003

1.02(0.93–1.11)

0.674

0.79(0.69–0.90)

< 0.001

1.05(0.89–1.23)

0.561

0.49(0.32–0.74)

0.001

1.52(0.91–2.52)

0.108

Currently working

Not

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

Yes

1.08(1.02–1.15)

0.015

1.08(1.02–1.15)

0.013

1.25(1.12–1.38)

< 0.001

1.18(1.06–1.3)

0.002

1.57(1.16–2.11)

0.003

1.31(1.02–1.68)

0.032

Area of residence

Coast

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

Highlands

1.15(1.07–1.22)

< 0.001

1.07(1–1.15)

0.04

1.38(1.24–1.54)

< 0.001

1.28(1.14–1.43)

< 0.001

1.7(1.27–2.27)

< 0.001

1.13(0.84–1.52)

0.411

Jungle

0.92(0.85–0.99)

0.032

0.84(0.78–0.91)

< 0.001

1.24(1.11–1.4)

< 0.001

1.13(1.01–1.27)

0.038

1.5(1.1–2.04)

0.01

0.97(0.73–1.28)

0.816

Place of origin

Urban

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

Rural

0.97(0.91–1.03)

0.335

1.11(1.02–1.21)

0.021

0.9(0.82–1)

0.046

1.61(1.28–2.01)

< 0.001

1.15(0.86–1.53)

0.339

Health Insurance

Not

ref.

ref.

ref.

Yes

1.05(0.96–1.15)

0.247

1.1(0.96–1.26)

0.181

1.26(0.87–1.83)

0.223

Differences in educational level

Both with the same level

ref.

ref.

ref.

Woman with a higher level

1(0.91–1.10)

0.987

1.08(0.93–1.26)

0.323

1.23(0.84–1.79)

0.281

Men with a higher level

1.04(0.97–1.13)

0.258

1.10(0.97–1.24)

0.140

1.16(0.88–1.53)

0.287

Number of children

None

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

1–2 Children

1.13(0.94–1.35)

0.185

1.04(0.89–1.23)

0.61

1.88(1.24–2.84)

0.003

1.57(1.06–2.32)

0.025

1.5(0.46–4.92)

0.505

1.09(0.38–3.17)

0.869

3–4 or more children

1.31(1.09–1.57)

0.004

1.12(0.95–1.32)

0.191

2.73(1.79–4.15)

< 0.001

1.85(1.23–2.8)

0.003

3.42(1.04–11.31)

0.044

1.54(0.5–4.7)

0.45

5 or more

1.33(1.1–1.6)

0.003

1.10(0.92–1.32)

0.277

3.04(1.99–4.63)

< 0.001

1.83(1.19–2.79)

0.005

5.39(1.63–17.84)

0.006

1.70(0.54–5.35)

0.366

Age of start of cohabitation

19–21 años

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

≤ 18 years old

1.06(0.99–1.13)

0.093

1.04(0.97–1.11)

0.247

1.15(1.03–1.28)

0.012

1.09(0.98–1.21)

0.098

1.51(1.16–1.98)

0.003

1.29(1.01–1.66)

0.04

22 and over

0.82(0.75–0.9)

< 0.001

0.88(0.81–0.96)

0.005

0.73(0.62–0.85)

< 0.001

0.80(0.69–0.94)

0.006

0.72(0.49–1.06)

0.098

0.78(0.54–1.13)

0.188

Partner drinks alcohol

Does not drink

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

Drinks but does not get drunk

0.90 (0.8–1.01)

0.081

0.93(0.83–1.04)

0.184

1.14(0.93–1.4)

0.22

1.24(1.02–1.52)

0.034

0.59(0.33–1.07)

0.082

0.74(0.41–1.33)

0.316

Drinks and gets drunk sometimes

1.20 (1.09–1.31)

< 0.001

1.16(1.06–1.26)

0.001

1.51(1.30–1.76)

< 0.001

1.42(1.23–1.65)

< 0.001

1.91(1.28–2.86)

0.002

1.74(1.17–2.59)

0.006

Drinks and gets drunk often

2.13(1.94–2.33)

< 0.001

1.69(1.53–1.87)

< 0.001

4.35(3.7–5.13)

< 0.001

2.9(2.44–3.44)

< 0.001

11.49(7.19–18.37)

< 0.001

4.57(2.69–7.79)

< 0.001

Decision making

Joint decision

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

Woman’s predominant decision

1.24(1.15–1.33)

< 0.001

1.15(1.07–1.23)

< 0.001

1.57(1.4–1.77)

< 0.001

1.37(1.23–1.53)

< 0.001

2.25(1.52–3.34)

< 0.001

1.53(1.06–2.23)

0.025

Man’s predominant decision

1.22(1.07–1.38)

0.002

1.18(1.05–1.32)

0.006

1.27(1.02–1.59)

0.03

1.14(0.91–1.43)

0.25

1.79(1.06–3.02)

0.03

1.28(0.79–2.07)

0.322

Split decision

1.34(1.21–1.48)

< 0.001

1.29(1.17–1.43)

< 0.001

1.48(1.23–1.78)

< 0.001

1.34(1.13–1.58)

0.001

2.06(1.24–3.42)

0.005

1.61(1.00–2.59)

0.049

Couple communication

Yes

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

Not

1.75(1.64–1.88)

< 0.001

1.19(1.07–1.33)

0.002

2.29(2–2.62)

< 0.001

1.04(0.88–1.23)

0.625

6.94(5.17–9.3)

< 0.001

1.13(0.78–1.65)

0.511

Parental agression

Not

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

Yes

1.35 (1.21–1.51)

< 0.001

1.29 (1.15–1.43)

< 0.001

1.48 (1.23–1.78)

< 0.001

1.37 (1.15–1.63)

1.60 (0.89–2.88)

0.11

Respect by the partner

Yes

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

Not

1.93(1.81–2.05)

< 0.001

1.43(1.29–1.60)

< 0.001

3.01(2.67–3.40)

< 0.001

1.97(1.69–2.29)

< 0.001

12.04(9.41–15.41)

< 0.001

6.07(4.36–8.44)

< 0.001