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Table 3 Occurrence of difficulties by type of difficulty for each EI step (for a total of 59 difficulties identified in 28 interviews)

From: Epidemic intelligence in Europe: a user needs perspective to foster innovation in digital health surveillance

Type of difficulties*

Tasks

Time-consumption

Technical barrier

Quality

Collaboration

Methodology

Timeliness

Total

Collection

7

3

1

0

1

2

14

Processing

4

4

1

0

0

0

9

Data sharing

1

3

0

3

0

0

7

Analysis

3

3

7

0

2

1

16

Reporting

2

0

0

0

0

1

3

Strategy

0

0

0

5

5

0

10

Total

17

13

9

8

8

4

59

% interviewees

61%

46%

32%

29%

29%

14%

 

number of countries

4 + ECDC

3

4

4 + ECDC

4 + ECDC

2

 
  1. *Time consumption: This constraint is linked to the time needed to implement the task; Technical barrier: lack of capacity linked to a tool, data or any technical aspect; Quality: difficulties linked to the insufficient value of the output/result of the activity (as expected by the stakeholder); Collaboration: difficulties linked to the insufficient or absence of work relations between different agencies or stakeholders involved in surveillance activities; Methodology: difficulties linked to a lack of know-how or consensus concerning methods and tools; Timeliness: in a broad meaning, the difficulties linked to the capacity to address the task at the accurate moment (according to the user’s point of view)