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Table 2 Univariable and multivariable analyses of anaemia as a potential risk factor for WHO-defined postpartum haemorrhage (n = 1189)

From: Prenatal anaemia and risk of postpartum haemorrhage: a cohort analysis of data from the Predict-PPH study

 

Number of women with PPH

Crude OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Haemoglobin status

   

Anaemic

212/556 (38.1%)

1.08 (0.85–1.37)

1.35 (1.02–1.78)#

Non-anaemic

230/633 (36.3%)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Level of enrolment facility

   

Secondary

252/717 (35.1%)

0.80 (0.63–1.02)

0.90 (0.67–1.19)

Tertiary

190/472 (40.3%)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Enrolment gestational age

   

≥ 32 weeks

213/612 (34.8%)

0.81 (0.64–1.03)

0.80 (0.61–1.06)

< 32 weeks

229/577 (39.7%)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Participants age

   

≥ 35 years

130/285 (45.6%)

1.59 (1.21–2.09)

0.82 (0.58–1.15)

< 35 years

312/904 (34.5%)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Previous childbirths

   

≥ 2

163/355 (45.9%)

1.69 (1.31–2.18)

1.33 (0.98–1.81)

< 2

279/834 (33.5%)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Obesity

   

Yes (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2)

213/374 (57.0%)

3.39 (2.62–4.37)

3.32 (2.47–4.46)

No (BMI < 30 kg/m2)

229/815 (28.1%)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Mode of conception

   

Assisted

11/18 (61.1%)

2.70 (1.04–7.01)

1.16 (0.39–3.43)

Spontaneous

431/1171 (36.8%)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Type of pregnancy

   

Multiple

13/26 (50.0%)

1.71 (0.79–3.73)

0.99 (0.38–2.54)

Singleton

429/1163 (36.9%)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Antepartum bleeding

   

Yes

64/106 (60.4%)

2.84 (1.89–4.28)

1.75 (1.08–2.84)

No

378/1083 (34.9%)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Uterine fibroids

   

Yes

74/148 (50.0%)

1.83 (1.29–2.59)

2.20 (1.47–3.31)

No

368/1041 (35.4%)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Previous hypertensive disorder in pregnancy

   

Yes

24/43 (55.8%)

2.20 (1.19–4.06)

0.95 (0.45–2.00)

No

418/1146 (36.5%)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Current hypertensive disorder in pregnancy

   

Yes

38/71 (53.5%)

2.04 (1.26–3.30)

1.05 (0.58–1.89)

No

404/1118 (36.1%)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Previous caesarean birth

   

Yes

177/271 (65.3%)

4.64 (3.48–6.19)

1.39 (0.94–2.06)

No

265/918 (28.9%)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Previous postpartum haemorrhage

   

Yes

19/27 (70.4%)

4.15 (1.80–9.56)

2.59 (1.01–6.69)

No

423/1162 (36.4%)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Mode of delivery

   

Caesarean birth

302/474 (63.7%)

7.21 (5.54–9.38)

5.72 (4.05–8.06)

Vaginal birth

140/715 (19.6%)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Delivery gestational age

   

≥ 38 weeks

325/881 (36.9%)

0.95 (0.73–1.25)

1.18 (0.86–1.63)

< 38 weeks

117/308 (38.0%)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

  1. WHO-defined postpartum haemorrhage is defined as blood loss of at least 500 mL in the first 24 h after giving birth. The multivariable model controls for level of enrolment facility, enrolment gestational age, women’s age, multiparity, obesity, mode of conception, type of pregnancy, any antepartum bleeding, uterine fibroids, previous hypertensive disorder in pregnancy, hypertensive disorder in current pregnancy, previous caesarean delivery, previous postpartum haemorrhage, mode of delivery, and delivery gestational age
  2. # Elimination of interaction effects of coexisting uterine fibroids and mode of delivery yielded a non-significant association between prenatal anaemia and PPH (adjusted odds ratio = 1.27, 95% confidence interval: 0.99–1.64)
  3. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; OR, adjusted odds ratio; PPH, postpartum haemorrhage
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BMC Public Health

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