Table 2 Characteristics of mother-newborn-child with iron deficiency and normal iron status

Mothers

 Age at delivery (years)

29.26 ± 5.08

29.00 ± 5.27

0.526

 Gestational age (wk)

39.40 ± 1.97

39.35 ± 2.03

0.737

 In the third trimester of pregnancy

 Hb (g/L)

126.08 ± 12.52

110.54 ± 5.97

0.001

 LGFBG (mmol/L)^*

0.66 ± 0.57

0.66 ± 0.57

0.551

 Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)

22.57 ± 1.48

22.79 ± 1.53

0.076

SES

0.016

 Low

243 (37.2)

55 (26.7)

 Moderate

226 (34.6)

78 (37.9)

 High

184 (28.2)

73 (35.4)

 Extra-sport activities during pregnancy

288 (44.1)

89 (43.2)

0.820

 Pre-pregnancy smoking

4 (1.5)

3 (0.6)

0.368

 Passive smoking during pregnancy

145 (22.2)

51 (24.8)

0.447

 Pre-pregnancy drinking

65 (10.0)

19 (9.2)

0.758

 Dietary pattern

0.875

 Vegetarian diet

147 (22.5)

42 (20.4)

 Meat diet

210 (32.2)

70 (34.0)

 Mixed diet

296 (45.3)

94 (45.6)

 Cesarean delivery

281 (43.0)

80 (38.8)

0.287

 Assisted reproductive technology

44 (6.7)

15 (7.3)

0.788

 Hypertension during pregnancy

24 (3.7)

6 (2.9)

0.603

Newborns

 Heel prick blood SF (ng/mL)

87.65 ± 27.27

94.42 ± 17.74

0.001

 Birth weight (g)

3495.70 ± 271.97

3479.47 ± 277.67

0.458

 Apgar score at 5 min

9.99 ± 0.14

9.99 ± 0.10

0.803

 Male sex

400 (61.3)

124 (60.2)

0.785

Absolute latency (ms)

 Wave I

1.81 ± 0.30

1.78 ± 0.35

0.268

 Wave III

4.27 ± 0.61

4.26 ± 0.57

0.719

 Wave V

5.99 ± 0.84

5.81 ± 0.72

0.002

IPL (ms)

 LG I-III

0.39 ± 0.07

0.39 ± 0.07

0.745

 LG III-V

0.35 ± 0.09

0.33 ± 0.07

0.001

 LG I-V

0.67 ± 0.07

0.66 ± 0.07

0.133

 SP/AP ratio (wave III)

27.13 ± 4.10

26.62 ± 4.08

0.118

 SP/AP ratio (wave V)

27.99 ± 4.41

26.98 ± 3.76

0.003

Children^a

 COVID-19

185 (97.4)

578 (98.5)

0.323

 OME

0.019

 No

178 (94.7)

517 (88.7)

 After COVID-19

6 (3.2)

53 (9.1)

 Before COVID-19

4 (2.1)

13 (2.2)