Criteria | Inclusion | Exclusion |
---|---|---|
Population (P) | Vietnamese infants, young children, and adolescents aged 0–18 years old | Those who have been diagnosed with any chronic or congenital diseases that potentially affect the child’s nutritional status |
Exposure (E) and intervention (I) | Any studies that reported the prevalence, determinants of childhood malnutrition, and interventions (including both nutrition specific and sensitive programmes) aiming to address childhood malnutrition | Studies assessing the genetic effects on malnutrition indicators; interventions targeted at mothers or pregnant women with no child outcomes; interventions that only reported the protocol with no outcomes |
Comparison (C) | Those who were exposed to the risk factors or interventions related to malnutrition | Not applicable |
Outcome (O) | Malnutrition indicators including undernutrition (stunting, wasting, underweight, and thinness), overnutrition (overweight and obesity) and micronutrient deficiencies, assessed by blood biomarkers such as iron (or ferritin, transferrin), vitamin A (or retinol), vitamin B9 (or folate/folic acid), anaemia (haemoglobin (Hb)), zinc, and iodine | Studies that do not assess malnutrition indicators as the primary outcomes or focused on the consequences of malnutrition |