Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the subjects in this study

Numbers

5,241

343

7,174

205

Age (years) ^*

61.55 ± 0.16

66.49 ± 0.61

< 0.001

61.99 ± 0.14

70.48 ± 0.61

< 0.001

Residential area^***

0.973

0.084

 Urban

80.10 (1.40)

80.22 (2.73)

81.80 (1.20)

76.50 (3.50)

 Rural

19.90 (1.40)

19.78 (2.73)

18.20 (1.20)

23.50 (3.50)

Marital status^***

0.478

< 0.001

 Married

91.00 (0.50)

92.20 (1.50)

71.50 (0.70)

55.50 (4.10)

 Single (widowed, divorced, etc.)

9.00 (0.50)

7.80 (1.50)

28.50 (0.70)

44.50 (4.10)

Education level^***

0.004

< 0.001

 <= Elementary school

20.62 (0.72)

26.80 (2.70)

37.81 (0.79)

63.50 (4.20)

 Middle school

15.51 (0.63)

19.90 (2.60)

15.88 (0.53)

16.50 (3.30)

 High school

31.91 (0.83)

30.70 (3.00)

30.77 (0.71)

15.20 (3.10)

 >= University

31.96 (0.99)

22.60 (2.70)

15.53 (0.63)

4.70 (1.70)

Occupation^***

< 0.001

< 0.001

 White-collar worker

12.63 (0.63)

5.70 (1.30)

4.80 (0.30)

0.70 (0.50)

 Office worker

9.48 (0.57)

5.50 (1.60)

4.00 (0.30)

0.90 (0.70)

 Service worker

8.62 (0.50)

10.10 (2.80)

16.50 (0.60)

6.10 (1.70)

 Farmer or fisher

8.16 (0.64)

6.50 (1.70)

4.10 (0.40)

3.30 (1.30)

 Blue-collar worker

22.91 (0.77)

15.70 (2.70)

2.70 (0.20)

0.90 (0.60)

 Elementary occupations

8.99 (0.46)

10.40 (2.00)

13.40 (0.50)

12.40 (2.70)

 Unemployed (housewife, etc.)

29.21 (0.78)

46.10 (3.10)

54.40 (0.70)

75.60 (3.50)

Household income^***

0.003

< 0.001

 Low

18.26 (0.65)

25.20 (2.50)

26.21 (0.70)

47.10 (4.30)

 Middle-low

25.26 (0.74)

29.90 (3.00)

24.82 (0.63)

24.60 (3.40)

 Middle-high

25.72 (0.78)

24.00 (2.90)

23.25 (0.64)

16.50 (2.90)

 High

30.75 (0.93)

20.80 (3.00)

25.73 (0.76)

11.90 (2.60)

Stress^***

0.906

0.044

 Extremely

2.93 (0.27)

2.75 (1.14)

4.40 (0.30)

4.88 (1.54)

 Very

14.99 (0.61)

16.24 (2.42)

18.40 (0.60)

22.19 (3.53)

 Slightly

59.23 (0.79)

57.03 (3.11)

56.70 (0.70)

45.47 (4.16)

 Rarely

22.86 (0.63)

23.98 (2.62)

20.50 (0.60)

27.45 (3.45)

Alcohol consumption^***

0.140

0.001

 Never drinker

5.70 (0.40)

6.70 (1.50)

23.50 (0.60)

33.73 (4.01)

 Former drinker 1 year prior

15.40 (0.60)

19.60 (2.30)

22.00 (0.60)

24.32 (3.17)

 < 1 per month

9.50 (0.50)

13.90 (2.60)

23.90 (0.60)

28.34 (3.67)

1 per month

8.40 (0.50)

7.10 (1.50)

9.80 (0.40)

3.84 (1.31)

 2∼4 per month

23.20 (0.70)

19.90 (2.50)

13.10 (0.50)

5.39 (1.91)

 2∼3 per week

22.60 (0.70)

19.30 (2.70)

5.50 (0.30)

3.35 (1.62)

 >=4 per week

15.20 (0.60)

13.50 (2.30)

2.10 (0.20)

1.02 (0.63)

Smoking status^***

0.084

0.746

 Current smoker

28.70 (0.80)

25.60 (2.94)

3.20 (0.30)

3.80 (1.40)

 Former smoker

52.10 (0.80)

59.45 (3.46)

3.20 (0.20)

4.10 (1.50)

 Never smoker

19.20 (0.70)

14.94 (2.32)

93.60 (0.40)

92.10 (2.00)

Resistance exercise^***

0.004

0.582

 Never

66.19 (0.79)

73.40 (2.80)

84.45 (0.52)

87.80 (2.80)

 1∼2 days per week

8.16 (0.46)

10.20 (2.10)

5.26 (0.31)

3.00 (1.60)

 3∼4 days per week

10.61 (0.51)

4.70 (1.20)

5.00 (0.30)

5.00 (2.00)

 >= 5 days per week

15.04 (0.57)

11.70 (1.90)

5.29 (0.30)

4.20 (1.50)

Walking exercise (min) ^***

278.7 ± 6.94

243.1 ± 19.46

0.087

248.6 ± 5.11

259.3 ± 34.71

0.760

Menopause

< 0.001

 No

-

-

11.10 (0.50)

0.00 (0.00)

 Yes

-

-

88.90 (0.50)

100 (0.00)

Family history of IHD

0.019

< 0.001

 No

93.60 (0.40)

89.20 (2.10)

93.10 (0.40)

82.80 (3.30)

 Yes

6.40 (0.40)

10.80 (2.10)

6.90 (0.40)

17.20 (3.30)

Hypertension^**

0.011

< 0.001

 No

53.73 (0.81)

45.00 (3.28)

57.00 (0.70)

27.40 (3.70)

 Yes

46.27 (0.81)

55.00 (3.28)

43.00 (0.70)

72.60 (3.70)

Diabetes^***

< 0.001

< 0.001

 No

80.40 (0.60)

69.30 (3.10)

84.40 (0.50)

67.50 (3.80)

 Yes

19.60 (0.60)

30.70 (3.10)

15.60 (0.50)

32.50 (3.80)

Hypercholesterolemia^***

< 0.001

< 0.001

 No

77.71 (0.67)

64.50 (3.10)

63.80 (0.70)

42.60 (4.20)

 Yes

22.29 (0.67)

35.50 (3.10)

36.20 (0.70)

57.40 (4.20)

Hypertriglyceridemia^***

0.067

0.283

 No

78.70 (0.70)

84.00 (2.60)

87.30 (0.50)

83.90 (3.30)

 Yes

21.30 (0.70)

16.00 (2.60)

12.70 (0.50)

16.10 (3.30)

Blood pressure

 SBP (mmHg)

123.8 ± 0.27

123.9 ± 0.99

0.873

123.3 ± 0.26

132.5 ± 1.31

< 0.001

 DBP (mmHg) ^***

77.82 ± 0.17

73.04 ± 0.68

< 0.001

75.27 ± 0.14

73.60 ± 0.72

0.023

Anthropometrics

 Height (cm) ^***

168.2 ± 0.11

167.18 ± 0.42

0.012

155.2 ± 0.08

152.9 ± 0.43

< 0.001

 Weight (kg) ^***

68.70 ± 0.17

68.43 ± 0.66

0.693

58.02 ± 0.12

59.58 ± 0.57

0.008

 Body mass index (kg/m²)

24.25 ± 0.05

24.44 ± 0.17

0.273

24.09 ± 0.05

25.51 ± 0.23

< 0.001

 Waist circumference (cm) ^***

86.99 ± 0.14

88.81 ± 0.52

0.001

81.91 ± 0.15

86.80 ± 0.63

< 0.001

 Waist-to-height ratio^***

0.52 ± 0.00

0.53 ± 0.00

< 0.001

0.53 ± 0.00

0.57 ± 0.00

< 0.001

Dominant hand^*

0.434

0.099

 Right

87.62 (0.61)

90.34 (1.91)

89.60 (0.40)

93.80 (1.80)

 Left

5.17 (0.37)

4.24 (1.44)

4.20 (0.30)

1.60 (1.00)

 Both

7.21 (0.47)

5.42 (1.32)

6.20 (0.40)

4.60 (1.60)

Absolute HGS

 MaxGS-DH (kg) ^***

38.05 ± 0.13

34.72 ± 0.47

< 0.001

22.72 ± 0.08

20.62 ± 0.42

< 0.001

 MaxGS-nonDH (kg) ^***

36.32 ± 0.13

32.67 ± 0.47

< 0.001

21.28 ± 0.08

19.61 ± 0.39

< 0.001

 MaxGS-BHs (kg) ^***

38.75 ± 0.13

35.17 ± 0.47

< 0.001

23.14 ± 0.08

21.12 ± 0.40

< 0.001

 MeanGS-BHs (kg) ^***

35.40 ± 0.13

31.93 ± 0.46

< 0.001

20.65 ± 0.08

18.73 ± 0.38

< 0.001

Relative HGS

 MaxGS-DH/BMI^***

1.58 ± 0.01

1.43 ± 0.02

< 0.001

0.96 ± 0.00

0.82 ± 0.02

< 0.001

 MaxGS-nonDH/BMI^***

1.51 ± 0.01

1.35 ± 0.02

< 0.001

0.90 ± 0.00

0.78 ± 0.02

< 0.001

 MaxGS-BHs/BMI^***

1.61 ± 0.01

1.45 ± 0.02

< 0.001

0.98 ± 0.00

0.84 ± 0.02

< 0.001

 MeanGS-BHs/BMI^***

1.47 ± 0.01

1.32 ± 0.02

< 0.001

0.87 ± 0.00

0.74 ± 0.02

< 0.001

 MaxGS-DH/WC^***

0.44 ± 0.00

0.39 ± 0.01

< 0.001

0.28 ± 0.00

0.24 ± 0.01

< 0.001

 MaxGS-nonDH/WC^***

0.42 ± 0.00

0.37 ± 0.01

< 0.001

0.26 ± 0.00

0.23 ± 0.00

< 0.001

 MaxGS-BHs/WC^***

0.45 ± 0.00

0.40 ± 0.01

< 0.001

0.29 ± 0.00

0.25 ± 0.00

< 0.001

 MeanGS-BHs/WC^***

0.41 ± 0.00

0.36 ± 0.01

< 0.001

0.26 ± 0.00

0.22 ± 0.00

< 0.001

 MaxGS-DH/WHtR^***

74.23 ± 0.29

65.81 ± 1.00

< 0.001

43.75 ± 0.19

36.77 ± 0.83

< 0.001

 MaxGS-nonDH/WHtR^***

70.84 ± 0.29

62.02 ± 1.01

< 0.001

40.98 ± 0.19

34.91 ± 0.76

< 0.001

 MaxGS-BHs/WHtR^***

75.59 ± 0.29

66.69 ± 0.99

< 0.001

44.54 ± 0.19

37.65 ± 0.81

< 0.001

 MeanGS-BHs/WHtR^***

69.07 ± 0.28

60.58 ± 0.97

< 0.001

39.78 ± 0.19

33.36 ± 0.74

< 0.001

 MaxGS-DH/Weight^***

0.56 ± 0.00

0.51 ± 0.01

< 0.001

0.40 ± 0.00

0.35 ± 0.01

< 0.001

 MaxGS-nonDH/Weight^***

0.53 ± 0.00

0.48 ± 0.01

< 0.001

0.37 ± 0.00

0.33 ± 0.01

< 0.001

 MaxGS-BHs/Weight^***

0.57 ± 0.00

0.52 ± 0.01

< 0.001

0.40 ± 0.00

0.36 ± 0.01

< 0.001

 MeanGS-BHs/Weight^***

0.52 ± 0.00

0.47 ± 0.01

< 0.001

0.36 ± 0.00

0.32 ± 0.01

< 0.001