Table 2 Multivariable multilevel mixed-Effect logistic regression analysis of determinants of HIV testing and counseling in sub-Saharan Africa Countries from 2016 to 2020

Women’s Age (Years)

15–19

-

Ref.

20–24

-

1.36 (1.23–1.48) **

-

1.32 (1.21–1.45) **

25–34

-

1.60 (1.45–1.76) **

-

1.58 (1.43–1.75) **

35–49

-

1.69 (1.51–1.89) **

-

1.64 (1.46–1.83) **

Educational Status

No education

-

Ref.

Primary

-

1.42 (1.34–1.50)**

-

1.17 (1.11–1.24)**

Secondary and Above

-

1.77 (1.66–1.89) **

-

1.50 (1.39–1.60)**

Occupation

No occupation

-

Ref.

Had Occupation

-

1.52 (0.39–5.90)

-

1.44 (0.42–4.92)

Partners Education

No education

-

Ref.

Primary

-

1.62 (1.53–1.72) **

-

1.13 (1.07–1.20)**

Secondary and Above

-

1.65 (1.55–1.75) **

-

1.23 (1.15–1.30)**

Partners occupation

No occupation

-

Ref.

Had Occupation

-

0.89 (0.23–3.48)

-

0.72 (0.21–2.47)

Media Exposure

No

-

Ref.

Yes

-

1.15 (1.10–1.21) **

-

1.25 (1.19–1.31)**

Distance from health facility

A big problem

-

Ref.

Not a big problem

-

1.07 (1.02–1.12) **

-

1.07 (1.02–1.11)**

Wealth Index

Poor

-

Ref.

Medium

-

1.09 (1.03–1.15) **

-

1.18 (1.11–1.24)**

Rich

-

1.20 (1.13–1.28) **

-

1.36 (1.27–1.45)**

Number of children in a family

No children

-

Ref.

One child

-

1.27 (1.01–1.60) *

-

1.21 (0.97–1.53)

Two children

-

1.41 (1.11–1.78) **

-

1.36 (1.08–1.71)**

3–4 Children

-

1.44 (1.13–1.82) **

-

1.38 (1.10–1.75)**

Five and above

-

1.43 (1.13–1.82) **

-

1.40 (1.12–1.76)**

Number of ANC Visit

One visit

-

Ref.

Two visit

-

1.46 (1.31–1.63) **

-

1.23 (1.10–1.37)**

three visit

-

2.04 (1.85–2.25) **

-

1.54 (1.39–1.70)**

4 and above visit

-

2.36 (2.15–2.58) **

-

1.85 (1.68–2.02)**

Residence

Rural

-

Ref.

Urban

-

-

2.02 (1.89–2.16)**

1.40 (1.30–1.52)**

Country

Angola

-

-

0.42(0.37–0.48)**

0.51 (0.44–0.60)**

Benin

-

-

0.31(0.27–0.35)**

0.39 (0.34–0.45)**

Burundi

-

-

0.79(0.70–0.90)**

0.91 (0.80–1.04)

Cameroon

-

-

1.02(0.88–1.19)

1.10 (0.92–1.26)

Ethiopia

-

-

0.28(0.24–0.33)**

0.36 (0.31–0.42)**

Gambia

-

-

0.42(0.35–0.49)**

0.49 (0.41–0.58)**

Guinea

-

-

0.09(0.08–0.11)**

0.13 (0.11–0.15)**

Liberia

-

-

0.71(0.60–0.84)**

0.83 (0.69–1.01)

Mali

-

-

0.09(0.08-11)**

0.11 (0.09–0.14)**

Mauritania

-

-

0.02(0.01–0.03)**

0.02 (0.01–0.03)**

Malawi

-

-

6.65(5.79–7.63)**

7.83 (6.76–9.07)**

Nigeria

-

Ref.

Rwanda

-

-

6.03(5.12–7.09)**

6.19 (5.19–7.38)**

Sierra Leone

-

-

1.17(1.02–1.34)**

1.49 (1.29–1.72)**

Uganda

-

-

2.70(2.37–3.08)**

2.86 (2.49–3.28)**

South Africa

-

-

3.41(2.78–4.19)**

3.72 (2.42–5.73)**

Zambia

-

-

4.76(4.07–5.57)**

5.35 (4.50–6.34)**

Random Effects

Community Variance

3.54(0.09)

2.64(0.08)

1.03(0.03)

0.97(0.03)

ICC%

51.83%

44.51%

23.91%

22.80%

PCV

Ref.

25.42%

70.90%

72.60%

MOR

5.97

4.68

2.62

2.55

Model Comparison

AIC

90781.77

76257.77

82923.20

69781.07

BIC

90800.44

76459.55

83100.53

70138.78