Table 2 Narrative overview of primary themes and findings, with citations for relevant articles (Physical Health)

Negative Effect

Wang & Liang (2021) [31]

Wang & Liang (2021) [31]

De & Segura-Escano (2021); Wong et al. (2020). Sung & Qiu. (2020) [30, 38, 39]

Atalay et al. (2017); Wang & Liang (2021); Sung & Qiu. (2020); De & Segura-Escano (2021) [27, 30, 38]

Chen et al. (2021);

Arcaya et al. (2020); Yuan et al. (2020); Wei et al. (2021); Xu & Wang (2021) [20, 21, 26, 32, 36]

Positive Effect

Yue & Ponce (2021); Atalay et al. (2017); Wang & Liang (2021) [19, 27, 31]

Yue & Ponce (2021). Wang & Liang (2021) [19, 31]

Fichera & Gathergood (2016); Feng & Nie (2022); Hamoudi, & Dowd (2013); Ratcliffe (2015) [23, 34, 37, 40]

Yue & Ponce (2021); Ratcliffe (2015). Wang & Liang (2021); Sung & Qiu. (2020) [19, 31, 38, 40]

Kim et al. (2021); Daysal et al. (2021); Bao et al. (2022) [24, 28, 29]

Null Effects

Yue & Ponce (2021) [19]

Yue & Ponce (2021) Atalay et al. (2017) Wang & Liang (2021) [19, 27, 31]

Hamoudi, & Dowd (2013 Sung & Qiu. (2020) Wong et al. (2020) [37,38,39]

De & Segura-Escano (2021) Wang & Liang (2021) Hamoudi, & Dowd (2013) Sung & Qiu. (2020) Wong et al. (2020) [30, 31, 37,38,39]

Chen et al. (2021)

Daysal et al. (2021). Wei et al. (2021) [20, 29, 32]