Table 3 Socioeconomic and environmental risk factors for malnutrition

Gender

1.45

0.907–2.325

0.060

Male

79

66

Female

61

74

Monthly household income

3.164

1.41–7.06

0.002

< 25,000 PKR (<$84)

131

115

≥ 25,000 PKR (≥$84)

9

25

Migration

Settled in Karachi since < 15years

93

80

1.484

0.9–2.41

0.055

Settled in Karachi ≥ 15years

47

60

Mother’s Educational level

1.84

1.1–2.97

0.0066

Illiterate

91

70

Primary and above

49

70

Father’s Educational level

Case

Control

2.56

1.47–4.4

0.0004

Illiterate/Primary

115

90

Secondary and above

25

50

Mother’s Working status

Case

Control

1.2

0.6–2.4

0.298

Working

20

17

Housewife

120

123

Father’s Employment status

Case

Control

0.79

0.2-3.0

0.368

Jobless

4

5

Employed

136

135

Father’s job type

1.78

0.1–2.86

0.0086

Daily Wage

78

58

Temporary stable/ Permanent

62

82

House hold Type

1.03

0.6–1.6

0.45

Nuclear family

48

47

Joint family

92

93

Number of siblings

1.68

0.99–2.8

0.025

3 or more

106

91

2 or less

34

49

No. of rooms

2.1

1.13–4.1

0.02

2 or less

123

108

3 or more

17

32

Type of toilet

4.46

2.7–7.34

0.0001

Pour/Pit latrine/open sewer

96

46

Flush/VIP latrine

44

94